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Regulation of Ethylene Levels with 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase Produced by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
Published in Javid A. Parray, Suhaib A. Bandh, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbes, 2022
Ethylene when detected, a signal is given and ETR1 cleaves ETYHLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) which is an insoluble protein. EIN2 stops the translation of F-box proteins EBF1/2. EIN3/EIL1 becomes firm; the transcriptional cascade follows including ETR1. The ethylene response genes help in ethylene responses (Fig. 9.1a). In the ethylene signaling pathway, when ethylene is not detected, ETR1 activates the protein CONSECUTIVE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) kinase which is an insoluble protein and degrades EIN3/EIL1. The ethylene response genes do not allow ethylene responses (Fig. 9.1b).
Vetiver grass-microbe interactions for soil remediation
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Xun Wen Chen, James Tsz Fung Wong, Jun-Jian Wang, Ming Hung Wong
Rather than Vetiver, bacteria can benefit other plant species confronting with environmental stresses. Enhanced salt tolerance has been observed in Zea mays inoculated with Rhizobium and Pseudomonas. The tolerance was correlated with decreased electrolyte leakage and maintenance of leaf water contents (Bano & Fatima, 2009). Enterobacter sp. SA187 produced 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA) which modulates plant ethylene signaling pathway under salt stress. The SA187-inoculated plants maintain higher metabolic and photosynthetic activities than mock-inoculated Arabidopsis (Zélicourt et al., 2018). It has also been shown that the endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria of a halo-tolerant coastal plant (Suaeda salsa) possessed genes that can enhance nutrient solubilization, salt stress adaptation, and competitiveness of root colonization (Yuan et al., 2016).
Environmental transformation and nano-toxicity of engineered nano-particles (ENPs) in aquatic and terrestrial organisms
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Qumber Abbas, Balal Yousaf, Habib Ullah, Muhammad Ubaid Ali, Yong Sik Ok, Jörg Rinklebe
The application of real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR) or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in nano-phyto-toxicity studies has made possible to understand the molecular basis of geno-toxicity. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants, silver sulfide ENPs exposure at 10 mg L−1 concentration altered the expression of genes involved in ethylene signaling pathway, miraculin-like proteins (MLPs) and aquaporins. These up and down-regulated genes normally play role in plant development, water transport, defense against bacteria and other pathogens invasion as well as other cellular processes (Wang et al., 2017). Plants (rice, maize) antioxidant defense machinery genes (APX, CAT, FSD, GST1, MSD, POD1) transcription up-regulated in response of CuO (50 mg L−1) and Ag (0.5 mg L−1) ENPs (Nair & Chung, 2014a; Zhao, Hu, et al., 2017). Metallothionein (MT), a cysteine-rich metal-binding protein, de novo expressed MT gene in wheat roots upon sand born exposure of 2.5 mg kg−1 Ag ENPs (Dimkpa, McLean, et al., 2013). TiO2 ENPs up-regulated the expression profile of 11 micro-RNAs in tobacco. These microRNAs are the class of recently discovered small non-coding RNA, play role in plant development, genes modulation, and tolerance against environmental stresses (Frazier, Burklew, & Zhang, 2014).
Plant responses to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a molecular perspective
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Ayesha Karamat, Rouzbeh Tehrani, Gregory D. Foster, Benoit Van Aken
Besides generation on ROS (which, in addition to be toxic species, are important signaling molecules), PFAS were shown to affect several signaling pathways involving carbohydrates and ethylene. For instance, Omagamre et al. (2022) reported downregulation of transcription factors involved in the ethylene signaling pathway (i.e., NAC, WRKY, and AP2/ERF) in soybean exposed to PFBA, which the authors related to the decreased SOD activity, and subsequently the increase of H2O2 in plant tissues.