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Cardiovascular system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
The vast majority of hypertensive patients have essential hypertension. The clinical challenge is to identify the small percentage of patients with secondary hypertension and to delineate any treatable cause. All hypertensive patients should have a CXR for the diagnosis of cardiovascular complications (cardiac enlargement, aortic valve calcification, cardiac failure) and to establish a baseline for monitoring of future changes or complications such as aortic dissection. Further imaging investigation of hypertension is indicated in the following:Children and young adults less than 40 years oldHypertension that is severe or malignant in natureFailure of antihypertensive medicationRenal dysfunctionCertain clinical signs, such as a bruit heard over the renal arteriesClinical evidence of endocrine disorders.
Mechanobiological Evidence for the Control of Neutrophil Activity by Fluid Shear Stress
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Hainsworth Y. Shin, Xiaoyan Zhang, Ayako Makino, Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein
The primary evidence supporting the importance of the neutrophil shear response in circulatory homeostasis derives from research investigating links between hypertension and elevated leukocyte activation. This work relied heavily on a rat model of essential hypertension: the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) that has a genetic predisposition to develop high blood pressures in the systemic circulation. Experimental strategies for their use as an animal model to elucidate the underlying causes of spontaneous hypertension typically involve comparison of their behavior to either wild-type Wistar rat, the background genetic strain for the SHR, or the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY), the background genetic strain from which the SHR was bred.
Nanomedicinal Genetic Manipulation: Promising Strategy to Treat Some Genetic Diseases
Published in Sarwar Beg, Mahfoozur Rahman, Md. Abul Barkat, Farhan J. Ahmad, Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Disease, 2019
Biswajit Mukherjee, Iman Ehsan, Debasmita Dutta, Moumita Dhara, Lopamudra Dutta, Soma Sengupta
Primary Hypertension/Essential hypertension: 90% of essential hypertension is caused due to factors that include weight, age, sex, ethnicity, physical activity, diet, cigarette smoke, stress, hormones, other medical conditions such as diabetes, by the consumption of high salt intake, alcohol, fat products. For adult primary hypertension, early life events like low birth weight, maternal smoking, lack of breastfeeding, etc. can be implicated as risk factors. Genetics is one of the important factors. Studies suggest that essential hypertension has a strong genetic component (Dickson & Sigmund, 2006).
Animal models and mechanisms of tobacco smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Priya Upadhyay, Ching-Wen Wu, Alexa Pham, Amir A. Zeki, Christopher M. Royer, Urmila P. Kodavanti, Minoru Takeuchi, Hasan Bayram, Kent E. Pinkerton
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) demonstrate COPD-like phenotypes similar to humans following inhalation of PM (Kodavanti et al. 2000) and TS (Bolton et al. 2009; Shen et al. 2016; Yu et al. 2008), as well as intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin present in the outer cell membrane of gram negative bacteria (Wang et al. 2013). Since SHRs naturally develop elevated blood pressure, these animals have been widely utilized as genetic models of essential hypertension, arise in blood pressure without any secondary cause (Doggrell and Brown 1998; Zhou and Frohlich 2007). In SHRs, systemic blood pressure begins to rise by 5 to 6 weeks of age, and plateaus at values ranging from 180–200 mm mercury (Hg) by adulthood (12–13 weeks). In contrast, normotensive WKY rat strains display a systemic blood pressure ranging from 110–150 mm Hg (Buttner et al. 1984). Given the variety of more than 22 different SHR strains ranging from stroke-prone to Dahl/Rapp salt-sensitive rats and also exhibiting an array of different cardiovascular and metabolic pathologies, the SHR model may be ideal for study of COPD (Bolton et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2015; Shen et al. 2016; Wu et al. 2020; Yu et al. 2008).
Association between fluoride exposure and blood pressure in children and adolescents aged 6 to19 years in the United States: NHANES, 2013–2016
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Meng Guo, Francis-Kojo Afrim, Zhiyuan Li, Na Li, Xiaoli Fu, Limin Ding, Zichen Feng, Shuo Yang, Hui Huang, Fangfang Yu, Guoyu Zhou, Yue Ba
The relationship between fluoride exposure and blood pressure (BP) in adults has been a matter of considerable concern in recent years. However, the findings have been inconsistent. For example, an epidemiological study revealed that compared with adults who living in regions with low fluoride levels (mean: 0.79 and 4.02 mg/L, respectively), people drinking water with high fluoride levels (mean: 7.63 and 10.15 mg/L, respectively) had a higher risk of hypertension (Yousefi et al. 2018). Sun et al. reported that with the increased water fluoride levels (mean: 1.95 mg/L), the prevalence of essential hypertension and plasma ET-1 level in adults elevated in a dose-response relationship (Sun et al. 2013). But a study conducted in the Kashi area (mean: 0.70 mg/L) showed that the level of fluoride was inversely associated with the prevalence of hypertension (Miao et al. 2006). To date, the effect of fluoride on BP in previous studies has mainly involved adults with few epidemiological studies.
Comparations of major and trace elements in soil, water and residents’ hair between longevity and non-longevity areas in Bama, China
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Jiansheng Cai, Shiyi Chen, Guoqi Yu, Yunfeng Zou, Huaxiang Lu, Yi Wei, Jiexia Tang, Bingshuang Long, Xu Tang, Dongmei Yu, Xia Xu, Chuntao Nong, Jian Qin, Zhiyong Zhang
We found that the concentrations of K in soil and hair were lower in the longevity area than those in non-longevity area, but the concentration of K between soil and hair was no significant correlation. K in the human body may also be affected by other factors, such as metabolism. A previous study reported that a high concentration of K in soil may be significantly associated with low regional essential hypertension and hypertension-related mortality rates in the US (Sun 2018). However, another study reported that the average concentration of K in the hair of stroke patients was significantly higher than those in the control group, and high K levels in hair or dietary K supplementation may not protect humans against ischemic stroke (Bartosz et al. 2007). Further research is therefore needed to determine the effect of K on longevity. The concentration of I in hair was lower in longevity area than in the non-longevity area, but no significant associations can be established for the I levels in hair, soil and drinking water, which indicated that I in hair was minimally affected by the external environment in this study. I in the body may have come from other sources, such as iodized salt.