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Bacterial Attachment and Biofilm Formation on Biomaterials
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
Hospitals are a source of special pathogens that are under continuous change that has a considerable effect on their pathogenicity [23]. This is an underlying reason for the threat of multi-drug resistance (MDR) by hospital bacteria, which increases the risks of peri implant infections. At the moment of this publication, the collectively known MDR strains under the acronym of “ESKAPE” were identified species Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. The common human skin bacterium S. epidermidis, once considered harmless, has become one of the most important pathogens causing chronic infection in immunocompromised, immunosuppressed and long-term hospitalised hosts, as well as one of the leading causes of infections of implanted medical devices [24].
Microbial Biofilms-Aided Resistance and Remedies to Overcome It
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
Few of the strains within biofilms become hyper-mutable specially ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens. The presence of these hyper-mutable strains is a major concern that develops antimicrobial resistance. Understanding of mutagenesis among biofilm slow-growing cells suggests adaptive mutation is higher as compared to their planktonic counterpart (Kivisaar 2010, Maharjan & Ferenci 2017). Oxidative stress, SOS response to DNA damage, and Rpo-S-dependent responses are the few factors responsible for high mutability within biofilms (Melnyk & Coates 2015).
Cytotoxic screening and antibacterial activity of Withaferin A
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Altevir Rossato Viana, B. Godoy Noro, J. C. Lenz, M. Luiza Machado Teixeira, M. Bolson Serafin, R. Hörner, C. Franco, L. Maria Fontanari Krause, B. Stefanello Vizzotto, B. Jalfim Maraschin
However, in low-income countries, 6 out of 10 leading causes of death are related to infectious diseases (WHO 2020). ESKAPE denotes an acronym used to designate bacteria that are highly antibiotic-resistant, which predominantly occurs in the hospital infections, with a high mortality rate, including Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. (Da Rosa et al. 2020; Vincent et al. 2020). COVID-19 pandemic has caused thousands of deaths worldwide, and the mortality rate is aggravated by bacterial co-infections (Lansbury et al. 2020). The number of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 presenting bacterial co-infections during hospitalization has been increasing. The microorganisms most frequently isolated in these cases are represented by P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae (Mirzaei et al. 2020), and Escherichia coli (Garcia-Vidal et al. 2021).
Structural effects of nanoparticles on their antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistance
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Bharti Goyal, Neelam Verma, Tannu Kharewal, Anjum Gahlaut, Vikas Hooda
The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant strains has been fascinated its presence in the past 90 years. Shigella was the first reported MDR bacteria; found from Hong Kong in 1955, which is resistant to multiple drugs, including sulfonamides, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline.[12] According to the 2019 Antibiotic Resistant Threats (ART) report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every year, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infectious cases are found in the US, and as a result, approximately 35,000 individuals pass away. List of urgent emerging threats includes Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridioides difficile, Neisseria. gonorrhea. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens categorized under ESKAPE represent a serious global threat to community health.[13] This category includes Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus, Klebsiella. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species.[13]
Antimicrobial and resource utilization with T2 magnetic resonance for rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections: systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled studies
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Maddalena Giannella, George A. Pankey, Renato Pascale, Valerie M. Miller, Larry E. Miller, Tamara Seitz
A magnetic resonance (MR)-based molecular diagnostic device (T2Dx, T2 Biosystems, Lexington, MA, U.S.A.) utilizing specific panels identifies the most prevalent and deadly bacterial (T2Bacteria panel) and fungal (T2Candida panel) species directly from complex matrices including unprocessed whole blood samples without the need for BC [13] (Supplement Figure 1). The nanodiagnostic panels detect microbial cells in a fully automated process utilizing standard K2-EDTA vacutainer collection tubes. The mechanism of detection involves mechanically lysing red blood cells, using polymerase-chain reaction primers to amplify target DNA sequences, and hybridization of the amplicons to probe-enriched supraparamagnetic nanoparticles to provide species identification by measuring the MR signal produced via agglomeration of these nanoparticles. The T2Bacteria panel detects E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and A. baumannii (the latter approved in Europe only). These ESKAPE pathogens are especially problematic owing to their antibiotic resistance mechanisms and nosocomial spread. The T2Candida panel detects the most common pathogenic Candida species that account for over 95% of candidemia at most hospitals, namely C. albicans/C. tropicalis, C. glabrata/C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis [14]. While numerous papers have reported the diagnostic performance of T2MR [15,16], a comprehensive analysis regarding changes in antimicrobial prescribing patterns and impacts on resource utilization has not been undertaken. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to compare antimicrobial and resource utilization with T2MR versus BC in patients with suspected BSI.