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Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
In the early 1990s, a newly recognized disease began to appear, characterized by eosinophil infiltration into the esophagus, which manifested as dysphagia in adults and refractory reflux symptoms in children.1005 This disease termed eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) is associated with a Th2 immune profile and synthesis of the cytokine IL-13, which has direct cytotoxic effects on epithelial cells. A dose-dependent induction of eosinophilia by intratracheal delivery of IL-13 confirms its association with EOE.1006 An association has been found between EOE and celiac disease.1007 Patients with refractory celiac disease that is not corrected by dietary gluten restriction show an increased production of IL-13 in the gut.1008 The incidence of EOE has increased at alarming rates in Western countries in the last three decades.1009,1010,1233 Most of these specific triggering agents are individual foods by the IGE pathway. However, many other pathways triggered by foods and chemicals can trigger the non-IGE pathway also in chemically sensitive patients.
Nanomaterial-induced toxicity in pathophysiological models representative of individuals with pre-existing medical conditions
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Sreejesh Sreedharan, Georgios Zouganelis, Samantha J Drake, Gyanendra Tripathi, Ali Kermanizadeh
The inflammatory response elicited by multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure was investigated in control and common house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergen primed 10–16-week-old C57BL6 mice. In this study, Carvalho et al. (2018) utilized a high nickel (Ni) content MWCNT (diameter of approximately 30 nm and a length between 5 and 15 µm). Following disease induction, mice were exposed to a MWCNT concentration of 2 mg/kg via intratracheal instillation. Data showed that animals sensitized with the allergen and further exposed to the MWCNT exhibited a significant rise in pulmonary inflammation compared to mice exposed to the allergen or NMs. Further, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) differential cell counts demonstrated a marked influx of eosinophils, most notably in mice exposed to both allergen and NMs. This enhanced eosinophilic inflammatory response was also visualized via histology. Finally, in the diseased animals, there was significantly higher NM-induced cysteinyl leukotrienes (family of inflammatory lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid) biosynthesis as compared to negative controls, allergen alone or MWCNT alone exposed animals. Taken together, results demonstrated that MWCNT toxicity was markedly exacerbated in the allergic models (Carvalho et al. 2018).
Antitumor activity of solamargine in mouse melanoma model: relevance to clinical safety
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Ricardo Andrade Furtado, Saulo Duarte Ozelin, Natália Helen Ferreira, Bárbara Ayumi Miura, Silvio Almeida Junior, Geórgia Modé Magalhães, Eduardo José Nassar, Mariza Abreu Miranda, Jairo Kenupp Bastos, Denise Crispim Tavares
Histopathological analysis of tumor tissues demonstrated the presence of a mass composed of neoplastic cells starting after the adipose tissue, delimited by a thin layer of connective tissue. The cells are distributed in a mantle, inserted into apreexisting stroma. Cell morphology ranges from round to oval and pleomorphic measuring approximately 4 times the size of an erythrocyte. Nuclei are pleomorphic centrally located in the cytoplasm. The nucleoli are of varied sizes, quite evident and numerous. The cytoplasm is eosinophilic and well delineated with presence in some cells with intracytoplasmic melanin granules (brown). A large number of mitosis and areas of necrosis and hemorrhage was detected. Solamargine and YVO4:Eu3+:CPTES:SM treatments significantly reduced mitosis frequencies. Cisplatin significantly reduced mitosis frequencies in comparison with all other groups (Figure 4). In the evaluation of necrotic, pleomorphic, and hyperchromatic cells, only solamargine 5 or 10 mg/kg b.w. displayed reduction of the hyperchromatic cells in comparation with implant group (Figure 5).
Two modified density gradient centrifugation methods facilitate the isolation of mouse Leydig cells
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Jiayang Jiang, Xiaoman Zhou, Chunliu Gao, Rongqin Ke, Qiwei Guo
Leydig cells (LCs) are an essential cell type that constitutes the mammalian testes.[1] In the testes, LCs are located in the interstitium around seminiferous tubules, which contain Sertoli and germ cells. Structurally, LCs are polygonal with an eosinophilic cytoplasm and a large round nucleus with a prominent nucleolus.[2] Abundant lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of LCs produce a characteristically intense refractivity under light microscopy. Electron microscopy reveals large and well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a large number of mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae.[2]