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Introduction to Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
María Verónica Cuevas González, Eduardo Villarreal-Ramírez, Adriana Pérez-Soria, Pedro Alberto López Reynoso, Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez
Root Cementum (RC) is a mineralized tissue that surrounds the superficial root of the tooth; their function is to support the tooth through the PDL and alveolar bone (Yamamoto et al. 2016). Alveolar Bone (AB) is another mineralized tissue and is associated with the formation of membranous bone of both mandibular and maxillary tissues during the development of the first dentition, two components form this kind of bone, the first belong to the alveolar process, which in turn is composed by the cortical and cancellous bone tissue, the last one stores Haversian systems required for maintenance and remodeling of the bone; the second component is the alveolar bone itself which corresponds to the bone portion that covers the dental surface and serves as a union site to the Sharpey fibers from PDL (Chu et al. 2014). Periodontal ligament (PDL) is formed by collagen fibers which could be classified according to their localization of the fibers onto the alveolar crest, oblique, transseptal, horizontal, inter-radicular or apical (Maheaswari et al. 2015). The union of these fibers to the soft tissue provides a natural coupling of the roots of the tooth in the alveolus: the union of the PDL to the RC or the AB facilitates the transfer of loads of the teeth towards the bone, because the bone-cement/PDL-binding sites contain areas between 10–15 μm rich in biochemical gradients, which are known as enthesis sites that facilitate cell-cell interactions and communications (Lee et al. 2015).
Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Myotendinous junction (MTJ) connects the tendon to muscle. The osteotendinous junction (OTJ) connects the tendon to bone. The origin is where muscle and tendon meet, and the enthesis is located where the tendon meets the bone. Here, the collagen fibers become mineralized and join the bone. In the tendon, collagen molecules combine to form fibrils. Collagen fibrils combine to form fibers, which are brought together to form fascicles surrounded by endotenon. The fascicles are combined to form a tendon, which is surrounded by epitendinium and paratenon. At the origin, collagen fibers extend from within the muscle and into the tendon. Collagen fibers are mineralized at the enthesis and integrated into the bone. Endotenon contains blood vessels, which are parallel to the collagen fibers and can branch occasionally.
Biomechanical analysis of an original repair of an achilles tendon rupture in dogs: preliminary results
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
P. Buttin, B. Goin, N. Giraud, E. Viguier, T. Cachon
For the surgical management of gastrocnemius rupture, the implantation of the UHMWPE (Novaten 8000®, Novetech Surgery, Monaco) synthetic tendon prosthesis requires two fixations. The first one is a proximal fixation in the tendinous part. The gastrocnemius tendon was longitudinally incised on half of its diameter, from the incision made at the level of the enthesis to the musculotendinous junction, over a length of 5 cm. The implant was placed proximally over the whole length of the half-split tendon, then sandwiched inside the tendon incision and secured with 8 simple interrupted sutures of 5 metric polypropylene (Prolene®, Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, N.J.), spaced 5 mm apart, about 4 cm along the implant. The second fixation is a distal one in the calcaneus part. An oblique bone tunnel was drilled from the enthesis of the tendon to the plantar or caudal surface of the bone, using a cannulated drill bit on a 2 mm Kirschner wire. A second perpendicular bone tunnel was drilled a few millimeters distally to the exit of the first one, from the lateral to the medial side. The entry point was defined in order to preserve cranial and caudal bone margins at least equivalent to the diameter of the screw, to avoid the risk of fracture. The tunnel was tapped. The UHMWPE implant was inserted in the tunnels via the puller wire by sliding through grommets. A 1-mm smooth pin was used as a guide to insert the 4.5 × 20-mm interference screw. The screw was inserted with a ratchet screwdriver, respecting the axis of the pin to avoid the risk of fracturing the trans-cortex.
Biomechanical comparison of two suturing techniques during Achilles tendinoplasty in dogs: preliminary results
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
B. Goin, P. Buttin, T. Cachon, E. Viguier
The gastrocnemius tendon was longitudinally incised over half of its diameter, from the incision made at the level of the enthesis up to the musculotendinous junction, over 5 cm. The UHMWPE implant (Novaten 8000®, Novetech Surgery, Monaco) was placed proximally over the whole length of the half-split tendon and placed within the tendon incision. It was then secured with two different suturing techniques: (i) 8 simple interrupted sutures of 2USP (5 metric size) polypropylene (Prolene®, Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ), spaced 5 mm apart, about 4 cm along the implant, similar to the technique used in the study by Morton and colleagues in 2015 (Figure 1(a)) (Morton et al. 2015); (ii) overlock sutures made with of 2USP (5 metric size) UHMWPE thread (FiberTech®, Novetech Surgery, Monaco), as in the study published by Postl and colleagues in 2015 (Figure 1(b)) (Postl et al. 2015).
An image-based method to measure joint deformity in inflammatory arthritis: development and pilot study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Travis F. Henchie, Ellen M. Gravallese, Todd L. Bredbenner, Karen L. Troy
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are chronic inflammatory diseases occurring in patients with autoimmune disorders and psoriasis (Gladman, 2009; Cantini et al., 2010; Schett and Gravallese, 2012). A combination of mechanical stress and inflammation in individuals with PsA results in the formation of periosteal bone growth (osteophytes or enthesophytes) at tendon/ligament insertion sites, and articular erosions within the joints (Frank, 1998; Cantini et al., 2010; Simon et al., 2015). Erosion formation typically occurs in early disease at the proximal enthesis, but in later stages, spur formation occurs at the distal end of the ligament attachment site (McGonagle et al., 2015). The frequency and size of the abnormalities and the number of affected joints are associated with poor clinical outcomes (Schett and Gravallese, 2012). Some individuals exhibit extremely destructive and disfiguring forms of the disease with erosions and periosteal bone formation leading to disability (Gladman et al., 1987; Duarte et al., 2012). The metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand are common areas for bone changes. Because these changes are irreversible (Solomon et al., 2017), earlier detection and prevention may lead to improved patient care.