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Role of Krüppel-Like Factors in Endothelial Cell Function and Shear Stress–Mediated Vasoprotection
Published in Juhyun Lee, Sharon Gerecht, Hanjoong Jo, Tzung Hsiai, Modern Mechanobiology, 2021
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and accounted for nearly one-third of all deaths globally in 2015 [1, 2]. The accumulation of plaque and damage to the vasculature through atherosclerosis is the primary pathological mechanism of cardiovascular disease [3]. Dysfunction of the endothelial cells that line the vasculature is responsible for the pathological phenotype seen in atherosclerosis, including dysregulation of vasodilation, barrier function, inflammation, and thrombosis [4]. Although the development of atherosclerosis is dependent upon a complex interplay between many factors and processes, there is now clear basic and clinical evidence that shear stress plays a central role in atherosclerosis [5]. It has been well established that there is a non-uniform distribution of atherosclerosis within the vasculature [6, 7]. Atherosclerosis occurs more frequently at branch points of the arterial tree—areas that are exposed to turbulent or disturbed blood flow. In contrast, laminar shear stress is present in unbranched portions of vessels and induces anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant genes, such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and thrombomodulin (TM), thereby conferring an atheroprotective phenotype to the vessel wall.
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Biology
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
Many cells in the human body are stationary in nature, that means that they stay in certain body location all their lives. Major stationary cells include the followings: Epithelial cells (of the skin, mucous membranes, hair follicles, cornea, retina, and lining of esophagus, intestines, and bladders).Fibroblasts (cells that produce many extracellular matrices like collagens).Melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of skin, mucous membrane, retina, and iris).Endothelial cells (of the lining of blood or lymphatic vessels).Neurons (of the nerve and brain).Muscle cells (cells that constitute the muscle mass).Bone-building cells (osteoblasts).Bone-breakdown cells (osteoclasts), and many more.
The response of endothelial cells to endogenous bioelectric fields
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
The endothelial cell is a mesenchymally derived cell that lines all vascular and lymphatic vessels in the organism. Endothelial cells are a highly adaptive cell capable of forming blood vessels throughout the life of the organism from embryogenesis through adult response to stress and injury. Their properties enable a facile responsiveness to the local environment throughout life and include the ability to Proliferate and migrateChange shape, arrangement, and orientationForm new tubular structures able to carry blood in response to local tissue conditionsSelf-assemble cellular elements into vascular tissues (muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, sinusoids, venules, and veins) appropriate to local needForm a command–control system for the metering of the blood supply and the elements transported to and from tissues by the blood
Intraoperative storage of saphenous vein grafts in coronary artery bypass grafting
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Catherine J. Pachuk, Sophie K. Rushton-Smith, Maximilian Y. Emmert
A primary role of preservation solutions is to prevent IRI by mitigating ischemic damage during the graft storage period (Association of Organ Procurement Organizations; www.aopo.org/wikidonor/organpreservation/). Preservation solutions do this by interfering with one or both mechanisms through which ischemic damage is mediated [18]. Preservation solutions that contain antioxidants reduce oxidation caused by reactive oxygen species, which are liberated by cells (including endothelial cells) and tissues during the ischemic interval. Endothelial cells are particularly vulnerable to damage from reactive oxygen species [19], and the presence of antioxidants in an organ or endothelial preservation solution is critical to prevent loss of organ and/or endothelial viability and function. Preservation solutions should also be biocompatible with the tissue they are designed to protect so that ischemic damage is not compounded by ‘solution damage’. Saline (which comprises sodium and chloride ions) and buffered solutions (which contain only a handful of electrolytes) are not preservation solutions as they do not contain any component that can interfere with ischemic damage. Furthermore, saline has been shown to be incompatible with tissue [20–24] with the potential to inflict ‘solution damage’ on top of damage incurred from ischemic injury.
Methylglyoxal induced advanced glycation end products (AGE)/receptor for AGE (RAGE)-mediated angiogenic impairment in bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Jeong-Hyeon Kim, Kyeong-A Kim, Young-Jun Shin, Haram Kim, Arshad Majid, Ok-Nam Bae
Various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are known to be associated with xenobiotic exposure or with changes in blood-circulating levels of endogenous mediators (Lee et al. 2017; Shao et al. 2017; Yang, Huang, and Yang 2017). Endothelial cells (ECs) are the innermost monolayer component of blood vessels and play important roles in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and modulating pathological processes (Shao et al. 2017; Vanhoutte et al. 2017). ECs are continuously exposed to shear stress and substances circulating in the blood and are one of the major targets of CVD-mediated toxicity induced by endogenous and exogenous toxicants (Kim et al. 2015). The characteristics of the EC monolayer make it difficult to repair or replace, and EC dysfunction is often observed in various diseases such as diabetes and CVD.