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Application of Artificial Intelligence in Thyroidology
Published in Sandeep Reddy, Artificial Intelligence, 2020
Thyroid dysfunction is one of the most common endocrine diseases. About 4.7% of the United States population has undiagnosed thyroid disease (Garmendia Madariaga, Santos Palacios, Guillén-Grima, & Galofré, 2014). Thyroid nodules could be present in up to 67% of the population (Ezzat, Sarti, Cain, & Braunstein, 1994). Increased incidence of thyroid nodules has been attributed to increased use of imaging modalities and improvement in imaging technology (Singh, Singh, & Khanna, 2012). Technological improvements in ultrasound including elastography, 3D ultrasound (Liang et al., 2019) and quantitative ultrasound (Goundan et al., 2019) have been used to improve the diagnostic accuracy. Computer-aided diagnosis software that can automatically detect different features in the thyroid nodules and generate a report has been cleared by the FDA (Lu, Shi, Zhao, Song, & Li, 2019). Similarly, artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have been used in the diagnosis and management of thyroid diseases. One of the first papers using AI in the diagnosis of thyroid disease was by Sharpe et al. in 1993. They used a multilayer perceptron trained by back-propagation and a learning vector quantization network to investigate the robustness of these models on noisy diagnostic data. In recent years, most of the AI research in thyroidology has been focused on the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Initial approaches used texture analysis to classify thyroid ultrasound images. Later, AI techniques such as machine learning (ML) and an advanced form of ML, deep learning (DL) algorithms were used. In this chapter, we discuss the use of AI in thyroid imaging, cytopathological diagnosis of thyroid nodules and molecular markers. The use of wearable devices and generative adversarial networks in thyroidology is also discussed in this chapter.
Metal exposure and oxidative stress biomarkers in a Brazilian agricultural community
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Aline de Souza Espindola Santos, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, Rafael Christian Chávez Rocha, Tatiana D. Saint’Pierre, Armando Meyer
In this cross-sectional study, healthy volunteers were recruited from five rural areas on the outskirts of Teresopolis County, one of the largest producers of greens and vegetables in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The altitude and climate in Teresopolis are suitable for crop rotation and allow year-round vegetable production. Study researchers visited the family health clinics in five Teresopolis districts and provided detailed information about the study to the healthcare professionals, which included medical specialists, general practitioners, nurses, and community health workers. Each health unit was asked to invite up to 25 individuals (agricultural or nonagricultural workers) to participate in the study; eligible participants were enrolled during visits to the clinic, regardless of their occupational status or reason for visiting the clinic. Individuals were eligible to participate in the study if they had resided in one of the studied districts for at least 1 year. To be classified as an agricultural worker, the participant must have worked in farming for at least 1 year. Exclusion criteria were current smoking, diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension, cancer, neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and endocrine disease, or the use of antioxidants or vitamins. The final sample included 52 agricultural workers and 66 nonagricultural workers of both sexes, with ages ranging from 17 to 69 years old.
A case-control study of thallium exposure with the risk of premature ovarian insufficiency in women
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Xiaochen Ma, Wuye Pan, Zheying Zhu, Xiaoqing Ye, Chunming Li, Jianhong Zhou, Jing Liu
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), defined as loss of ovarian reserve before 40-year-old, is a common gynecological endocrine disease that could cause infertile and is associated with increased risks of bone loss, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality.15 Clinically, patients with POI have higher FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, accompanied with decreased estradiol and Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels.15,16 Our previous studies have reported that exposure to some contaminants, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pyrethroid insecticides, phthalates, arsenic and cadmium, was associated with the risk of POI in Chinese women.17–24 In this case-control study, the relationship between thallium exposure and the risk of POI was evaluated in169 POI patients and 209 healthy control women in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China. The urinary thallium concentrations were determined in all participants. The associations of thallium exposure with POI risk and levels of POI-related reproductive hormones were analyzed using logistic regression models.
Physical activity, sports participation and exercise-related constraints in adult women with primary hypothyroidism treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Jeannette A.C. Lankhaar, Ellen Kemler, Hedwig Hofstetter, Dorine C.M. Collard, Pierre M.J. Zelissen, Janine H. Stubbe, Frank J.G. Backx
Primary hypothyroidism is the second most common endocrine disease worldwide after diabetes mellitus and is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency. Hypothyroidism can be categorised based on its time of onset (congenital or acquired) and its severity, as in overt (clinical), subclinical, and mild diseases (Biondi & Wartofsky, 2014). The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in the general population varies between 0.3% and 3.7% in the USA and between 0.2% and 5.3% in Europe (Åsvold et al., 2013; Aoki et al., 2007; Canaris et al., 2000; Garmendia Madariaga et al., 2014; Hollowell et al., 2002), depending on the definition used (Chaker et al., 2017). Hypothyroidism affects women 10 times more frequently than men, and its rate increases with age (Vanderpump, 2011). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which is also referred to as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), is characterised by the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) in serum and is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (Caturegli et al., 2014; Chaker et al., 2017; Vanderpump, 2011). The standard treatment of hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THR) with levothyroxine (Chaker et al., 2017), which is one of the main prescribed drugs worldwide (Korevaar et al., 2018).