China 
Africa 
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Aeromedical Licensing
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
It seems likely that a number of applicants with the conditions listed below – except, perhaps, those with a penetrating injury, intracerebral abscess or subdural empyema – may ultimately be in a position to apply for licensing: cerebral contusions shown on CT scanning without other evident injuryparenchymal haematoma, petechial haemorrhage of any sorttrue intracerebral haematomadepressed fracture with a dural teardepressed fracture without dural tear, but with signs of brain contusionany penetrating injury (high risk)intracerebral abscess/subdural empyema (high risk).
Head and neck
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Acute sinusitis is usually viral or bacterial and presents clinically with facial pain and headache, nasal discharge and fever. Diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds and may be confirmed with nasal cultures or minimally invasive procedures such as endoscopic paranasal sinus aspiration. Imaging usually is not required for acute sinusitis. Indications for imaging in suspected acute paranasal sinusitis include:Lack of response to antibiotic therapyImmunocompromised patientsSuspected complications, such as meningitis, subdural empyema or cerebral abscess.
The cases
Published in Chris Schelvan, Annabel Copeman, Jacky Davis, Annmarie Jeanes, Jane Young, Paediatric Radiology for MRCPCH and FRCR, 2020
Chris Schelvan, Annabel Copeman, Jacky Davis, Annmarie Jeanes, Jane Young
Postseptal (orbital) infection is clinically more dangerous. Significant complications include visual loss (orbital involvement), cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, subdural empyema and brain abscess. It may occur as a complication of acute or chronic sinusitis, or of direct spread of superficial infection. Intravenous antibiotics are required and surgical evacuation may be needed if either a subperiosteal or orbital abscess is identified.
Recent advancements in the minimally invasive management of esophageal perforation, leaks, and fistulae
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Shirin Siddiqi, Dean P. Schraufnagel, Hafiz Umair Siddiqui, Michael J. Javorski, Adam Mace, Abdulrhman S. Elnaggar, Haytham Elgharably, Patrick R. Vargo, Robert Steffen, Saad M. Hasan, Siva Raja
A fistula is an abnormal connection between two hollow organs or cavities. Fistulae from the upper third of the esophagus primarily involve the airway or the mediastinum. Fistulae in the lower two-third of the esophagus may involve the airway, pleural space, pericardial cavity, left atrium, aorta, or peritoneum. There are benign and malignant etiologies. The benign etiologies are typically infectious, congenital, traumatic, or iatrogenic, such as sequelae from prolonged endotracheal intubation causing a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). All of these types of fistulae are rare but can lead to serious complications such as recurrent pneumonia, abscess, empyema, or hemorrhage. In this section, we will split the topic into esophageal fistula to an airway or other organ space, and esophageal fistula to a blood vessel or heart.