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Iatrogenic tracheobronchial and chest injury
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Marios Froudarakis, Demosthenes Makris, Demosthenes Bouros
Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural cavity. An iatrogenic pneumothorax occurs secondary to a medical or surgical procedure. Most common causes are transthoracic needle aspiration or biopsy, percutaneous tube thoracostomy, transbronchial biopsy, central venous cannulation and central venous port placement in oncology patients, thoracocentesis, pacemaker placement, colonoscopy and laparoscopy, mechanical positive-pressure ventilation and non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation, especially in cystic fibrosis patients, cardiopulmonary resuscitations, and percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of lung neoplasms. Less common causes are tracheostomy, gastric tube placement, colonoscopy, pericardiocentesis and acupuncture.52
Environmental Factors for Fatigue and Injury in Breath-Hold/Scuba Diving
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Jochen D. Schipke, Lucia Donath, Anne-Kathrin Brebeck, Sinclair Cleveland
Air from ruptured alveoli can enter the intrathoracic space and ascend within the thorax (gas in the supraclavicular region) to result in mediastinal and cutaneous (surgical) emphysema. Air may also enter the pleural cavity inducing pneumothorax. Finally, air can enter pulmonary veins, with the risk of being transported into the arterial system. The resulting arterial gas embolism (AGE) represents a massive hazard because of gas bubbles being transported to the central nervous system.
On the behavior of inhaled fibers in a replica of the first airway bifurcation under steady flow conditions
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022
Frantisek Lizal, Matous Cabalka, Milan Maly, Jakub Elcner, Miloslav Belka, Elena Lizalova Sujanska, Arpad Farkas, Pavel Starha, Ondrej Pech, Ondrej Misik, Jan Jedelsky, Miroslav Jicha
Inhaled fibers tend to avoid the most efficient mechanism of pulmonary clearance, i.e. the slow upward movement of deposited particles, along with mucus driven by the synchronized motion of cilia, which transports the fibers to the throat and digestive system (Donaldson et al. 2013). Some of the inhaled fibers penetrate and deposit beyond the ciliated airways, which after long-term exposure may lead to pulmonary and pleural fibrosis, i.e. a diffuse accumulation of fibrous/scar tissue in the interstitium of the lung or pleura. Pulmonary fibrosis impairs the diffusion of gases from the blood into the air spaces and limits lung expansion. Pleural fibrosis may lead to pleural effusion - an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. It can also lead to asbestosis, pleural plaques, bronchogenic carcinoma (cancer of the cells lining the bronchi or airways. It is the same as the lung cancer that is common in smokers) or malignant mesothelioma (an unusual tumor arising from the mesothelium lining the pleural space that is slow-growing and that does not metastasize and is therefore well-advanced before diagnosis, which subsequently leads to a very poor prognosis) (Donaldson et al. 2013).