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A Detailed Study on AI-Based Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus from Radiograph Images
Published in Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, Bibudhendu Pati, Mamata Rath, Rajkumar Buyya, Computational Modeling and Data Analysis in COVID-19 Research, 2021
Malaya Kumar Nath, Aniruddha Kanhe
X-ray images of the chest hardly show any changes at the initial stage of the infection and result in false-negative results. At the advanced stage of the disease, bilateral multifocal alveolar opacities are noticed. This in later stages leads to junction of complete opacity of the lung (Cascella et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2020). Excess fluid between the layers of pleura outside the lungs (pleural effusion) can be visualized. Figure 11.1 shows the chest images of a 72-year-old lady, who had been admitted to hospital due to acute respiratory failure and symptoms of COVID-19 (Radiology Assistant 2020). Figure 11.1a shows bilateral alveolar consolidation with peripheral distribution and it worsened after 4 hours (shown in Figure 11.1b). Over 24–48 hours, bilateral alveolar consolidation becomes more prominent. After 72 hours of the infection, the chest image shows acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is shown in Figure 11.1e. At this stage, the patient died due to multi-organ failure in the ICU.
Toxicity and Toxins
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
Two types of disease commonly seen in those exposed to asbestos are asbestosis and mesothelioma. Asbestosis is a slowly developing disease normally occurring over 20–30 years, resulting in increasing breathlessness on exertion and the development of a productive cough. Decreased respiration leads to a barrel chest, bluish discoloration of the skin, and a restricted chest expansion.74 The lungs are typically scarred, with thickening of the lining of the lungs, which is replaced by calcium deposits. Mesothelioma is a rare malignant tumor involving the pleura or the abdominal wall and abdominal organs, caused only by exposure to asbestos. The disease is a diffuse cancerous tumor that spreads rapidly, is usually fatal, and results in death within 1–2 years after diagnosis.74 Cancer can also develop in the digestive tract as a result of ingesting asbestos in food, in beverages, or swallowing the fibers in contaminated saliva.
Toxicology
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s, 2015
Asbestosis is respiratory disease, caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. The fibers, when inhaled, reach the alveoli, where they create a “scarring” of the lung tissue. As you recall in the section Inhalation earlier, gas exchanges between the respiratory and circulatory system are made in the alveoli. The alveoli become scarred and prohibit the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The severity of the disease depends entirely on how long the person was exposed to asbestos and in what concentrations. There is a strong correlation between asbestos exposure and smoking to the development of lung cancer. There are no known cures for asbestos. However, stopping the exposure to asbestos may slow or stop the progression. The latency period for asbestosis is 10 to 20 years. The latency period for asbestos-related cancer is 20 to 30 years. Mesothelioma is an asbestos-related cancer of the lining of the lung (pleura) or the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). Mesothelioma is a very rare form of cancer. Mesothelioma is incurable, but several treatments are available including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Analytical transmission electron microscopy of amosite asbestos from South Africa
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Amosite asbestos has been shown in both epidemiologic and in experimental animal studies to cause mesothelioma, lung cancer, and asbestosis.3 All of the regulated amphibole asbestos types can cause mesothelioma, which is a cancer of the outer lining of the pleura and peritoneum, or mesothelium. Mesothelioma is a generally a rapidly fatal disease that is for all practical purposes only caused by asbestos. The other regulated asbestos mineral is chrysotile, a serpentine group mineral, which rarely if ever causes mesothelioma, since it tends to degrade in the lung.