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Pullulan: Properties and Applications
Published in Shakeel Ahmed, Aisverya Soundararajan, Pullulan, 2020
Showkat Ali Ganie, Tariq Ahmad Mir, Akbar Ali, Qing Li
Pullulan is used as additive and thickener in cosmetic formulations for providing smoothness due to its stable viscous nature in a wide range of pH, heat, and in most metal ion conditions. In cosmetics, pullulan gives an instant tightening effect by creating a film that stays on the surface of the skin. This effect is purely cosmetic and washes away after use, and it enhances the immune response and makes the skin more resistant to infections. Pullulan has exceptional transparent film-forming ability, water solubility, moisture absorptivity, and tackiness, which make pullulan appropriate for use in cosmetics. Pullulan typically has low viscosity in aqueous solution than any such high polymer for cosmetics. Pullulan, being non-irritant and nontoxic to the human body, may be useful to any cosmetics but is favorably used as a constituent of cosmetic lotions, cosmetics around eyes, cosmetic powders, shampoos, facial packs, specific hair dressings (hair lacquers and set lotions), and tooth powders (Fig. 5.2). Leung et al. revealed physiologically acceptable films with edible films prepared from pullulan [63]. These edible films include pullulan and antimicrobially active quantities of essential oils such as thymol, methyl salicylate, eucalyptol, and menthol, and these films are effective killers of plaque-producing gums that cause dental plaque, gingivitis, and bad breath [63]. Nakashio et al. investigated the use of pullulan in cosmetics, lotions, and shampoos [64].
Interactions between Oral Bacteria and Antibacterial Polymer-Based Restorative Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Fernando L. Esteban Florez, Sharukh S. Khajotia
Other studies have demonstrated that the occurrence of these non-life-threatening oral infections is directly associated with the formation of multispecies biofilms[8,12,19] on the surfaces of teeth and with the accumulation of its acidic metabolites. Figure 4.2 spotlights the clinical appearance of the multispecies biofilm known as dental plaque (Figure 4.2a). The multispecies biofilms are grown in laboratory studies (Figure 4.2b) and assessed by laser confocal microscopy images for the understanding of the material-biofilm interactions (Figure 4.2c). Green color shows viable bacteria, whereas the red color shows bacteria that have been damaged or killed. These localized infections damage the hard tissues of teeth in a progressive and irreversible manner, and if not treated, will lead to the inflammation and death of pulpal tissues with consequent access of oral bacteria into the periapical areas of teeth and beyond.[1] Currently, the invasion of oral bacteria into the bloodstream poses as a severe health care concern, since positive and strong correlations have been found between oral bacteria and several systemic diseases such as bacterial endocarditis,[20,21] aspiration pneumonia,[22,23] osteomyelitis in children,[24] preterm low birth weight,[25,26] and cardiovascular diseases.[27–29]
Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Applications of Natural Carbohydrate Polymer Gum Tragacanth
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
Madhusmita Dhupal, Mukesh Kumar Gupta, Dipti Ranjan Tripathy, Mohit Kumar, Dong Kee Yi, Sitansu Sekhar Nanda, Devasish Chowdhury
Acidogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans adhere to dental enamel live in forming biofilm and erodes dental enamel with acid production resulting into a caries. GT at 0.1% concentration in water and mouthwash reduced biofilm formation and significantly decreased S. mutans adherence to the enamel on the surface pretreatment of hydroxyapatite in rats and in human preventing dental plaque formation (Shimotoyodome et al., 2006).
In-silico modeling of early-stage biofilm formation
Published in Soft Materials, 2021
Pin Nie, Francisco Alarcon, Iván López-Montero, Belén Orgaz, Chantal Valeriani, Massimo Pica Ciamarra
The social need for research in biofilms is enormous. Biofilm grows on the surface of a tooth, causing dental plaque .[5] More worryingly, they grow on medical devices[6] such as prosthetic heart valves, orthopedic devices, skull implants, and might trigger virulent rejection reaction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for example, can enter the blood circulation[7] through open wounds to infect organs of the urinary and respiratory systems. In a different context, biofilm cause billions of dollars in damage to metal pipes in the oil and gas industry.[8,9] Sulfate-reducing bacteria, [10] for example, transform molecular hydrogen into hydrogen sulfide which, in turn, produces sulfuric acid that destroys metal surfaces causing catastrophic failures. In the water supply system, biofilm can grow in pipes, clogging them due to their biomass.[11] It is of enormous interest to develop surfaces to which bacteria are not able to attach. To date, no surface able to reliably inhibit the formation of biofilms is known .[12]