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Perspectives on the Translational Aspects of Articular Cartilage Biology
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
In addition to cells, xenogeneic tissues have also been examined. In general, the implantation of xenograft tissue results in hyperacute rejection of the implant (Auchincloss 1988; Platt et al. 1990). Typically, joint tissues such as articular cartilage are not subject to hyperacute rejection due to the avascularity of the tissue; thus, cartilage is considered to be relatively nonimmunogenic (Jackson et al. 1992; Revell and Athanasiou 2009). It has been believed that decellularizing xenogeneic tissue will be a viable option for the generation of replacement tissue. Decellularization is a process by which the antigenic intracellular proteins and nucleic acids are removed. It is typically evaluated histologically by the absence of nuclei, and the intent is to preserve the functional properties of the tissue’s extracellular matrix. Ideally, the biomechanical properties of the tissue will also be preserved.
Intelligent Scaffold–Mediated Enhancement of the Viability and Functionality of Transplanted Pancreatic Islets to Cure Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Min Jun Kim, Hae Hyun Hwang, Dong Yun Lee
Advances in decellularization techniques enable the utilization of ECM molecules produced from a decellularized whole organ as scaffold materials. ECM molecules decellularized from a whole organ provide a native three-dimensional ECM structure that allows for cell–ECM interactions that play a key role in cell survival and function. In this chapter, we cover the methods of decellularization, the properties of the ECM components, and their applications. Natural and synthetic polymers are another attractive source for fabricating scaffolds. Natural polymers have good biodegradability, biocompatibility, accessibility, and ECM-mimicking properties, while synthetic polymers are more easily synthesized in large quantities and have high surface-to-volume ratios, good mechanical properties, and biotolerability. Understanding the characteristics of each polymer component can provide the necessary information for fabricating scaffolds.
Cells and Tissue Structures in Cardiovascular 3D Tissue Systems
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Justin McMahan, Rachel Hybart, C. LaShan Simpson
To overcome some of these challenges, methods such as organ decellularization have been used. Decellularization, a technique used by tissue engineers during the process of tissue regeneration, is characterized by the removal of all cellular and nuclear content. Most decellularization processes are able to preserve the organ's ECM composition, biological activity, and a large degree of the associated mechanical integrity. Decellularized scaffolds have been used in tissue regeneration including in vivo applications, for example, decellularized tubular elastin scaffolds derived from porcine carotid arteries have been used in arterial remodeling (Chuang et al. 2009).
Development of a three dimensional (3D) knitted scaffold for myocardial tissue engineering. Part II: biological performance of the knitted scaffolds
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2025
Derya Haroglu, Ahmet Eken, Zeynep Burçin Gönen, Dilek Bahar
To improve the cell therapy, cell sheet and decellularized matrix technologies have been investigated as alternative strategies (Paez-Mayorga et al., 2019). In cell sheet technology, multiple cell sheets are obtained from temperature-responsive polymer (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)) coated cell culture surfaces, and added layer by layer, preserving their deposited ECMs (Masuda et al., 2008; Takahashi et al., 2019). The assembled 3 D multi-layered cell sheets could be implanted onto the infarct region of the heart, where human clinical studies are ongoing (Yoshikawa et al., 2018). Decellularization aims to remove all cells from tissues or organs through various mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic techniques, by conserving the architecture of the native ECM and vasculature (Gilbert et al., 2006; Keane et al., 2015). Ott et al. (Ott et al., 2008) produced an acellular whole rat heart through coronary perfusion decellularization process, and then reseeded it with cardiac cells. The recellularized heart was observed to have a contractile function by the 8th day of culture (Ott et al., 2008). However, this field needs further studies to achieve transplantable constructs (Gilbert et al., 2006; Rodrigues et al., 2018).
Characterization of a heparinized decellularized scaffold and its effects on mechanical and structural properties
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Ji Li, Zhiwen Cai, Jin Cheng, Cong Wang, Zhiping Fang, Yonghao Xiao, Zeng-Guo Feng, Yongquan Gu
Given the limitations of current vascular bypass conduits, a tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) presents an attractive potential solution for the future of vascular surgery [16]. Although a number of tissue engineering approaches using natural and synthetic polymers have shown some promising results [17, 18], numerous hurdles remain. Technical challenges include modulating the mechanical, chemical, and biological properties and clinical challenges include the occurrence of neo-intimal hyperplasia and aneurysmal dilation [19]. Generating TEVGs by decellularization of native blood vessels is a promising approach that is being extensively researched in the field of vascular engineering [20–22]. The ideal decellularization may be defined as the complete removal of the cellular materials from a tissue without adversely affecting the composition, mechanical integrity, and biological activity of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). The host cellular antigens are removed as a result of the decellularization processes, thus reducing the risk of potential inflammatory response and minimizing immune-mediated tissue rejection. In addition, the complex ECM structure is preserved so that adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation of recipient cells may be supported [23, 24]. These advantages may hold the potential to overcome some of the current challenges.
A human pericardium biopolymeric scaffold for autologous heart valve tissue engineering: cellular and extracellular matrix structure and biomechanical properties in comparison with a normal aortic heart valve
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Frantisek Straka, David Schornik, Jaroslav Masin, Elena Filova, Tomas Mirejovsky, Zuzana Burdikova, Zdenek Svindrych, Hynek Chlup, Lukas Horny, Matej Daniel, Jiri Machac, Jelena Skibová, Jan Pirk, Lucie Bacakova
Preservation of the native ECM structure is very important for tissue remodeling, and all decellularization methods invariably disrupt the ECM to some degree [78]. These changes may have a negative impact on the function and the biomechanical properties of decellularized xenogeneic tissues [70–73]. In a study by Liao et al. [79], the overall extensibility represented by areal strain less than 60 N/m increased approximately two times from 68–85% for the porcine NAV to approximately 140–170% after SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate), Trypsin or Triton X-100 decellularization. The effective flexural moduli decreased from approximately 150 kPa for the porcine NAV to 15–30 kPa for SDS, Trypsin, and Triton X-100-treated porcine NAV leaflets. Decellularization results in loss of crimping, causes substantial microscopic disruption to the collagen structure and also to the elastin layer, and causes a loss of GAGs content in the spongiosa [79]. By damaging the cells and the ECM, decellularization also disrupts the structural protection mechanism that prevents collagen from being damaged during loading [79].