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COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, DNA vaccines have been explored as one of the primary vaccine technologies (71). The DNA vaccine platform is highly suitable for rapid and large-scale manufacturing during infectious disease outbreaks due to its several advantages, including easy design and production, stability at a range of temperatures, and low production cost. However, the major challenge of DNA vaccines is the poor efficiency of DNA delivery into cells for antigen expression and consequently poor efficacy of the vaccines. To overcome this problem and to increase the DNA delivery efficiency, physical methods or chemical methods can be used. The physical methods include electroporation, high-pressure air stream, gold particle-coated DNA delivery by gene gun, microneedle array, and dermal patches. The chemical methods include liposomes, nanoparticles, cell-penetrating peptides, and virosomes (72).
Medical Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
There are several innovative vaccines currently in the developmental stage or which are already in use, such as recombinant vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and T-cell receptor peptide vaccines. Recall that in recombinant vector vaccines, combining the physiology of one microorganism and the DNA of another can create immunity against diseases that have complex infection processes. On the other hand, a new type of vaccine, called a DNA vaccine, has been recently created from an infectious agent’s DNA. It works by insertion (and expression, triggering immune system recognition) of viral or bacterial DNA into human or animal cells. Some cells of the immune system that recognize the proteins expressed will mount an attack against these proteins and the cells expressing them. Because these cells live for a very long time, if the pathogen that normally expresses these proteins is encountered at a later time, they will be attacked instantly by the immune system. One advantage of DNA vaccines is that they are very easy to produce and store. As of 2006, DNA vaccination is still experimental. Likewise, T-cell receptor peptide vaccines are under development for several diseases, using models of valley fever, stomatitis, and atopic dermatitis. These peptides have been shown to modulate cytokine production and improve cell-mediated immunity.
Medical biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
There are a number of innovative vaccines currently in the developmental stage or which are already in use, such as recombinant vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and T-cell receptor peptide vaccines. Recall that in recombinant vector vaccines, combining the physiology of one microorganism and the DNA of another can create immunity against diseases that have complex infection processes. On the other hand, a new type of vaccine, called a DNA vaccine, has been created recently from an infectious agent’s DNA. It works by insertion (and expression, triggering immune system recognition) of viral or bacterial DNA into human or animal cells. Some cells of the immune system that recognize the proteins expressed will mount an attack against these proteins and cells expressing them. Because these cells live for a very long time, if the pathogen that normally expresses these proteins is encountered at a later time, they will be attacked instantly by the immune system. One advantage of DNA vaccines is that they are very easy to produce and store. As of 2006, DNA vaccination is still experimental. Likewise, T-cell receptor peptide vaccines are under development for several diseases, using models of valley fever, stomatitis, and atopic dermatitis. These peptides have been shown to modulate cytokine production and improve cell-mediated immunity.
Gold nanoparticles: a novel paradigm for targeted drug delivery
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Kamalavarshini S, Ranjani S, Hemalatha S
Nano carrier systems are used to stimulate one's own immune system by injection of killed microbes these modalities as a favorable regime for various infectious diseases and for cancer treatments. This phase of research provides us with positive hope for designing effective vaccines target mediated delivery of varied kinds of immune regulators. Anyways, the efficacy of designed Nano carriers depends upon the appropriate materials used for fabrication, adjuvants, antigens and the other components. Immunoregulations that specifically target antigen suppression are exhibited by Nano vaccines formulations thus extending their abilities for treating auto-immune disorders. Chen et al., researched on multilayered-engineered GNP for playing a role as HIV-1 Env plasmid DNA vaccine for HIV treatment.[30] In the past decade, a diverse portfolio of Nano vaccines having wide range of core or carrier structure materials, their physical and chemical properties, the nature of immune stimulation, their conjugation to various immunomodulatory molecules have been studied and investigated.
Immunotherapy approach with recombinant survivin adjuvanted with alum and MIP suppresses tumor growth in murine model of breast cancer
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Himani Garg, Jagdish C. Gupta, G. P. Talwar, Shweta Dubey
Survivin is a tumor protein belonging to member of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins with a single Baculovirus IAP repeat domain.[1] Survivin is overexpressed by a large number of cancer cells but is not present in normal cells.[234] Survivin is the smallest member of IAP family of proteins and is involved in various processes contributing to survival of cancer cells such as inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of cell cycle.[5] Expression of survivin in tumors also correlates with resistance to chemotherapy and aggressiveness of tumors.[345] Survivin is specifically expressed on tumor cells and is a safe and attractive target for development of cancer therapeutics. Various approaches have been explored using survivin as tumor antigen such as survivin-derived peptides, DNA vaccine encoding survivin, or viral vectored vaccine approach.[6,7] These approaches, are however, not easy to translate for human therapeutic use.[8,9] Recombinant protein approach is a feasible way to produce vaccine antigens,[10,11] however, there are no reports describing application of full-length recombinant survivin protein for tumor immunotherapy.
Updates in immunocompatibility of biomaterials: applications for regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Mahdi Rezaei, Farideh Davani, Mohsen Alishahi, Fatemeh Masjedi
One of the main applications of biomaterials that requires immunomodulation is vaccine delivery. One efficient way to prevent and treat disease is by applying a DNA vaccine, but its low immunogenicity is the main obstacle to exploiting this method [136]. microRNAs have been found to govern immune cells’ differentiation, maturation, and function [137]. To overcome the low immunity of vaccine therapy, Jia et al. utilized the specific immune response of miRNA-9 (miR-9) and developed miR-9 sponges to co-immunize with the anti-caries DNA vaccine. Their in vivo results showed that their method resulted in a suitable immune response [138].