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Systemic toxicology
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
W.M. Haschek, N.H. Stacey, C. Winder
Haematotoxicity can be targeted to cells of the bone marrow or those in the circulation (Irons 1985). Injury to the pluripotent stem cells or their microenvironment can result in underproduction of all cell types. Once differentiation begins, individual cell types can be affected, either in the bone marrow or in the blood, leading to a decrease in cell numbers of a particular cell type or abnormal function of that cell type. Direct toxicity to circulating cells results in an increased demand on the bone marrow resulting in increased cell proliferation (hyperplasia) and decreased differentiation time. Abnormal cell function will not be discussed in detail, since the target organs lie outside the haematopoietic system (see Bloom and Brandt (2002) for an in-depth discussion). A decrease in erythrocyte numbers, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (MCH) or any combination thereof, is termed anaemia. A decrease in white blood cells is termed cytopenia (granulocytopenia, lymphocytopenia or thrombocytopenia depending on the cell type affected) or pancytopenia if all white cells are affected. Effects will vary in severity and reversibility, depending on the chemical and exposure conditions. Possible outcomes are recovery following cessation of exposure, persistence of changes, or progression to aplastic anaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, or leukaemia (Rosner and Grunwald 1990).
Au-doped nanostructured TiO2/C material derived from MIL-125 as a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for ferulic acid
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2023
Gaihua Li, Shuang Liu, Yanjun Liu, Xiaoyu Pang, Miao Li, Yachang Gong, Yao Wu, Xinjie Guo
Ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid) is a bioactive phenolic component widely found in complex matrices such as vegetables, flowers, fruits, bamboo shoots, packed fruit juice drinks, alcoholic beverages, olive oil and coffee. Moreover, it is one of the active ingredients in Chinese medicinal materials such as angelica sinensis, ligusticum wallichii, spina date seed and cimicifuga heracleifolia [1–3]. Ferulic acid has a wide range of physiological and medicinal effects and can be used as a photo-protective ingredient in skin care products to block UV irradiation and is known as an anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-haemolytic, chemo-preventive and anti-viral agent and it is used as an anti-bacterial component in implants [4–8]. In recent years, ferulic acid has been used clinically used for coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, vasculitis, cytopenia and thrombocytopenia and widely used in biomedicine, food additives and cosmetics because of its pharmacological activity [9]. Ferulic acid is also found as a trace waste water contaminant from the olive oil industry and needs to be detected as it is the cause for a potential ecological hazard, as reported [10]. The pungency of an alcoholic beverage such as beer and wine is directly related to the phenol content. For quick and sensitive determination of ferulic acid in the human body, food products, pharmaceutical compounds, beverages and effluents, various techniques have been used such as high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, spectroscopy, chemiluminescence, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, UV-VIS, fluorescence, coulometric array detection and plasmon resonance light scattering [11–19]. However, these traditional detection methods are not suitable for routine clinical screening because of their complicated pretreatment processes, expensive equipment and solvent toxicities. Electrochemical techniques have become an alternative method for detection of ferulic acid on account of their rapid, reliable, high selectivity, low cost, and sensitive detection. Some of the working electrodes such as didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide/nafion composite film-modified carbon paste electrode [20], polypyrrole-multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified electrode [21], carbon nanotubes decorated with manganese dioxide nanoparticle modified electrode [22] and glassy carbon electrode modified with MWCNTs [23] have been used to quantitatively analyze the electrochemical behavior of ferulic acid. Yaping Ding et al. [24] studied the electrochemical behavior of ferulic acid using multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes with detection limit of 1 × 10−7 M. Moreover, E. F. Newair et al. [21] reported ferulic acid determination using a carbon paste electrode modified with dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide/Nafion composite membrane. The detection limit of ferulic acid was 3.9 × 10−7 M. The limit of detection (LOD) of these methods is usually low enough to detect ferulic acid in real samples. According to previous work on electrochemical sensors, modified electrodes are limited due to the complicated preparation steps. Therefore, it is important to develop a convenient and cheap method for ferulic acid quantification.