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Wastewater Protozoa Sampling, Testing, and Analysis
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology, 2021
Since the Milwaukee outbreak, concern about the safety of drinking water in the United States has increased, and new attention has been focused on determining and reducing the risk of Cryptosporidiosis from community and municipal water supplies. Cryptosporidiosis is spread by putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool of an infected person or animal. In this way, people swallow the Cryptosporidium parasite. As previously mentioned, a person can become infected by drinking contaminated water or eating raw or undercooked food contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts; direct contact with the droppings of infected animals or stools of infected humans; or hand-to-mouth transfer of oocysts from surfaces that may have become contaminated with microscopic amounts of stool from an infected person or animal.
Water Biology
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Cryptosporidiosis is spread by putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool of an infected person or animal. In this way, people swallow the Cryptosporidium parasite. As previously mentioned, a person can become infected by drinking contaminated water or eating raw or undercooked food contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts; direct contact with the droppings of infected animals or stools of infected humans; or hand-to-mouth transfer of oocysts from surfaces that may have become contaminated with microscopic amounts of stool from an infected person or animal.
Cryptosporidium
Published in J. P. Dubey, C. A. Speer, R. Fayer, Cryptosporidiosis of Man and Animals, 2018
Before 1980, human cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed by histologic examination of biopsy of the intestinal mucosa.192 Routine hematoxylin and eosin can be used to visualize the developmental stages of the parasite as dark, basophylic, spherical bodies 2 to 5 µm (depending on stage in life cycle) in the brush border of mucosal epithelium (Figure 1). Transmission electron microscopy195 can be used to confirm the diagnosis (Figure 2). Such invasive, expensive, and time-consuming procedures are no longer required for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis since a variety of techniques have been developed to identify Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in feces and other body fluid specimens.261 Oocysts, usually released in large numbers from the infected epithelium, can be identified in stool specimens representing a sampling of the entire intestinal tract or in sputum or respiratory aspirates representing a sampling of the entire respiratory tract. Biopsy specimens may be of some value in determining the site of infection and lesions associated with the parasite.
Advances and challenges in solar-powered wastewater treatment technologies for sustainable development: a comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Under normal sunlight and water temperature conditions, cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga are observed to be the more resistive to the SODIS. Some studies (Lonnen et al. 2005; Heaselgrave and Kilvington 2011) have reported the inactivation of cysts of A. polyphaga at water temperature above 40°C. Whereas the survival of oocysts (Cryptosporidium parvum) in environment for longer time is attributed to waterborne transmission of cryptosporidiosis. In the conventional water treatment process, the oocysts are found to be ineffective and considered to be the global issue in the safety of drinking water (Robertson, Campbell, and Smith 1992; Freire-Santos et al. 2000). In the SODIS of C. parvum oocysts, 40% of it remained viable after an exposure of simulated sunlight for 6 h whereas only 27% was reported to be capable of excystation and only 7.5% was ineffective (Méndez-Hermida et al. 2007, 2005). Inactivation details of protozoa and helminth for the simulated sunlight exposure of 6 h during SODIS tests are given in Table 10.
Human and livestock pathogens and their control during composting
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Cryptosporidium and Giardia resist most environment stressors and have low infectious doses, making them significant agents of gastrointestinal illnesses (Sidhu & Toze, 2009). Almost two-thirds of waterborne outbreaks caused by protozoans are attributed to Cryptosporidium (Efstratiou et al., 2017). As a result, Cryptosporidium is prevalent in sewage (Baldursson & Karanis, 2011). All Cryptosporidium outbreaks throughout the world have been attributed to C. hominis and C. parvum (Chalmers et al., 2009; Ryan & Power, 2012), except for one in the UK caused by C. cuniculus (Efstratiou et al., 2017). Cryptosporidiosis can be transmitted from cattle to humans (Ng et al., 2012).
Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in drinking water treatment residues: comparison of recovery methods for quantity assessment
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva, Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
The genera of protozoa Giardia and Cryptosporidium include the most commonly encountered enteric parasites, responsible for gastrointestinal diseases causing nutritional imbalances and severe health problems, especially in children and people with immunological deficiencies [4]. The diseases caused by Giardia and Cryptosporidium are called giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, respectively.