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Role of Mathematical Models in Physiology and Pathology
Published in Jyoti Mishra, Ritu Agarwal, Abdon Atangana, Mathematical Modeling and Soft Computing in Epidemiology, 2020
Saktipada Nanda, Biswadip Basu Mallik
Location of brain in the cranial vault (head) and its natural protection: The basic components of the human head that protect the brain from external hit are the scalp, the skull, the diploe, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—the brain being at the central location.
Test-retest validation of a cranial deformity index in unilateral coronal craniosynostosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Emilie Robertson, Peter Kwan, Gorman Louie, Pierre Boulanger, Daniel Aalto
Quantifying cranial vault morphology in craniosynostosis is challenging. The typical phenotype associated with UCS poses additional challenges due to the asymmetric nature of the deformity. As outlined by previous authors, there are multiple anatomic regions of the affected skull that are dysmorphic (Beckett et al. 2013; Masserano et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019). What has remained a primary goal for CVR surgery is improvement of the contour of the frontal bones to create a less noticeable forehead deformity in affected patients. The forehead deformity in UCS is a visually salient feature (Robertson et al. 2020). Therefore, a method to quantify cranial vault morphology that focuses on the contour and position of the frontal bones is clinically important, and has been the focus of described methods (Wood et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2018; Porras et al., 2019). While there have been many advances in the measurement of craniosynostosis deformities, there is still a need for a reliable and user-friendly measurement procedure to quantify the frontal bone deformity in UCS. Existing methods do not meet all of these criteria, and may explain the persistent inconsistency in how outcome measures are reported in this field. The primary objective of this study was to develop a step-wise, user-friendly, and accessible measurement index workflow to enable clinicians to quantitatively assess cranial vault morphology in UCS patients. Secondary objectives were to assess the reliability of the index, and to demonstrate how the index could be used in an alternative way to quantify reconstruction outcomes.
Novel transparent collagen film patch derived from duck’s feet for tympanic membrane perforation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Soo Hyeon Kim, Ho Jun Lee, Ji-Chul Yoo, Hyun Jung Park, Ju Yeon Jeong, Ye Been Seo, Md. Tipu Sultan, Soon Hee Kim, Ok Joo Lee, Chan Hum Park
This animal study was approved by the institutional review board of Hallym University. Forty-eight TMs of twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 300 g were used. All the surgical experiments were conducted under general anesthesia using 75:25 mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen containing 3% of isoflurane (Air Liquid America, Houston, TX). After general anesthesia, a rodent respirator (Harvard Apparatus, SouthNatick, MA) were used for ventilation. 1.8 mm sized perforations were made on pars tensa of each TMs using a hemisphere-shaped red-hot needle under otomicroscope (Opmi 1, Zeiss, Germany). Study rats were divided into three groups. Each Sixteen TMs of eight rats were assigned to act as the spontaneous healing group, the paper patch group and the DCF patch group respectively. Using a otomicroscope, paper patches and DCF patches were applied onto the perforated TM to cover the perforation and perforation margin. To maintain the patches in place after application, antibiotic ointment was plastered onto the paper patches because paper is not a adhesive material, and DCF was immersed with saline solution. After patch applications, study animals were kept in separate cages, Food and water were freely provided. To prevent the infection, two drops of antibiotic otic solution (Tarivid otic solution®, ofloxacin 3 mg/cm3; Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) were applied into the external auditory canals during the first 3 days. Two mice of each groups were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after making perforations, and then four TMs of these two mice of each group were examined. Using an otoendoscope, the photographs of each TMs were taken before and after making perforation and daily until the perforations were closed. To compare the healing speed of each group, the percentage of healed perforation area was measured. Paper patches and DCF patches was removed and the remaining perforation size were measured. The calculated area of the healed portion was compared with the pre-treatment TM perforation size using the InnerView™ software (InnerView, Bundang-gu, Korea). To observe how healing processes go along as time passes, histopathological evaluation was performed. They were decapitated under general anesthesia, cranial vault and brain were removed, and external ears were subsequently separated at the osteocartilaginous junctions. The temporal bone was identified, and the tympanic bulla was isolated and fixed in 10% of formaldehyde solution. The specimens were decalcified for 3 days in an EDTA solution, and then dehydrated, embedded in paraffin (Shandon Citadel 1000, Thermo Electron Corp., Walthan, MA). Then, the specimen was bisected through the perforation, perpendicular to the handle of the malleus. The resulting paraffin block was sliced into 5-μm-thick sections, and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was performed.