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Designing for Hand and Wrist Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Understanding the networks of the hand’s circulatory system is necessary to design products to warm or cool the body and to monitor some body functions and efficiencies. In cold conditions the arterioles, the final distributing arterial vessels of the hands, can reduce blood flow to the hand surface and the fingers. This automatic response helps maintain warm blood in the body core where it is needed to protect vital organs. The result can be cold hands or damaged tissues in extended periods of extreme cold. In these conditions, hands are susceptible to both non-freezing cold injury (peripheral cold injury without tissue freezing) and very serious, but less common, frostbite, with ice crystals forming in the tissues and obstructing blood vessels (Whitaker, 2016). Frostbitten distal fingers may require amputation. Hands and feet are both susceptible to frostbite, as the body uses the same tactics to preserve core heat by moving warm blood away from the farthest structures (Read Chapter 8, Section 8.5.2 on frostbite and feet).
Personal Protective Equipment, First Aid, and Thermal Hazards
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
The major injuries associated with extremes of cold can be classified as being either generalized or localized. A generalized injury from extremes of cold is hypothermia. Localized injuries include frostbite, frostnip, and trench foot:Hypothermia results when the body is unable to produce enough heat to replace the heat loss to the environment. It may occur at air temperatures up to 65°F; the body uses its defense mechanisms to help maintain its core temperature.Frostbite is an irreversible condition in which the skin freezes, causing ice crystals to form between cells. The toes, fingers, nose, ears, and cheeks are the most common sites of freezing cold injury.Frostnip is less severe than frostbite. It causes the skin to turn white and typically occurs on the face and other exposed parts of the body. There is no tissue damage; however, if the exposed area is either covered or removed from exposure to the cold then frost-nip can become frostbite.Trench foot is caused by continuous exposure to icy water. It may occur in wet, cold environments or through actual immersion in water.
Designing suitable shoes to prevent foot frostbite through optimization of the geometric dimensions of the shoe and sock model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ali Nikbakht, Hossein Ahmadikia
Many people lose their tissues, organs, and even their lives to frostbite. Frostbite is a type of cold injury that harms the body both systematically and regionally. In acute cases, it targets the skin, the first defense barrier of the body, and the underlying tissues and causes them to frost and freeze. Fingers, toes, ears, nose, chin, and cheeks are more prone to frostbite, since these organs are farthest from the heart; the blood-pumping center of the body.