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Bioalcohol and Biohydrogen Production by Hyperthermophiles
Published in Ajar Nath Yadav, Ali Asghar Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Microbiomes of Extreme Environments, 2021
Kesen Ma, Sarah Danielle Kim, Vivian Serena Chu
A biological or chemical process is needed to convert biomass into simple sugars that can be fermented by a particular microorganism. Depending on the microorganism, the type of alcohol fermentation can vary. A widely studied type of alcohol fermentation is ethanol fermentation. Ethanol is the major end-product of alcohol fermentation by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) and some Zymomonas species (Muller 2008). In ethanol fermentation, sugars are converted to the central intermediate pyruvate via carbohydrate catabolism pathways, such as Embden-Meyerhof (EM), Entner-Doudoroff (ED) and Pentose Phosphate (PP) pathways, where pyruvate is then converted to various fermentation products (Hoelzle et al. 2014). Clostridium species, particularly Clostridium acetobutylicum, are well-studied and utilized for Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) production from the fermentation of carbohydrates (Lee et al. 2008; Lee et al. 2012).
Enzyme Catalysis
Published in Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, 1997
Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark
Clostridium acetobutylicum is an anaerobic bacterium capable of producing organic acids and solvents from a variety of substrates. A highly branched metabolic pathway enables Clostridium acetobutylicum to produce acetic acid, butyric acid, acetone, butanol and several other compounds in varying amounts, depending on cultivation conditions. A simplified schematic of the pathway is showm below [K.F. Reardon, T.-H. Scheper, and J.E. Bailey, Biotech. Prog., 3,153(1987)]. The vi indicate the specific rates (mole i-unit cell mass -1- time -1 ) along the pathway branch i, and the boxed components denote extracellular compounds.
Biofuel Production from Biomass using Extremophilic Microorganisms
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Commonly, immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum bacterium is used for biobutanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (Tsai et al. 2020). There are various renewable feedstocks such as rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and microalgal hydrolysate used through acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation through separate hydrolysis and fermentation (Huzir et al. 2018). A biobutanol titer and yield of 9.10 g/L and 0.42 mol/mol glucose (0.17 g biobutanol/g glucose), respectively, was obtained from rice straw, while sugarcane bagasse achieved a biobutanol titer and yield of 8.40 g/L and 0.40 mol/mol glucose (0.16 g biobutanol/g glucose), respectively.
Engineering Clostridium acetobutylicum to utilize cellulose by heterologous expression of a family 5 cellulase
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Mary Sanitha, Anwar Aliya Fathima, Andrew C. Tolonen, Mohandass Ramya
Clostridia have been used for industrial solvent production. Clostridium species like C. acetobutylicum, C. beijerinckii, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum, C. saccharoacetobutylicum, C. aurantibutyricum, C. pasteurianum, C. sporogenes, C. cadaveris and C. tetanomorphum are extensively used for the production of acetone, butanol and ethanol [2]. Among the genus Clostridia, Clostridium acetobutylicum is a well-studied strain that is capable of producing butanol, ethanol and acetone in the ratio 6:3:1. C. acetobutylicum is capable of using a wide range of different fermentable carbohydrates like xylan, levan, pectin and starch [3]. However, it is unable to grow on crystalline cellulose [4], although its genome contains large clusters of genes involved in the cellulolysis process [5]. C. acetobutylicum secretes very small quantities of a cellulosome of approx.665 kDa devoid of activity on crystalline cellulose and possessing very low activity on carboxymethyl cellulose or phosphoric-acid-swollen cellulose [6].
Orange peel extract enhanced sugar recovery and butanol production from potato peel by Clostridium acetobutylicum
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
The solventogenic fermentation process for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production has been well reported for Clostridium acetobutylicum, C. saccharobutylicum, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum, and C. beijerinckii (Keis et al. 1995; Keis, Shaheen, and Jones 2001). The starchy and sugary feedstocks were converted to ABE by C. acetobutylicum by direct fermentation (Ezeji et al. 2003; Jesse et al. 2002; Jones and Woods 1986; Madihah et al. 2001; Qureshi et al. 2008). The ABE production by C. acetobutylicum from potato starch and potato waste starch was studied by Grobben et al. (1993), Gutierrez et al. (1998), Nimcevic, Schuster, and Gapes (1998), Li et al. (2015) and Kheyrandish et al. (2015). The market demand for n-butanol has been increasing globally (Cheng et al. 2012) with challenges in cost-effective butanol production. The high cost of raw materials, inhibitory chemicals, low productivity, and high downstream processing costs limit ABE fermentation (Kami´nski, Tomczak, and Górak 2011). Presently, the interest has been shifted from the first generation to second generation butanol production (Kumar et al. 2009; Naik et al. 2010). The lignocellulosic agricultural residues and agro-industrial by-products were studied for biobutanol fermentation (Arifin et al. 2014; Lu et al. 2012; Qureshi et al. 2001).
Analysis on emission behaviour of butanol–biodiesel blends fuelled constant speed diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
T. Raja, M. Sundarraj, M. Karthick
Butanol is employed as a fuel in an internal combustion engine owing to its longer hydrocarbon chain causes it to be fairly non-polar, it is more similar to gasoline than it is to ethanol (Devaraj, Yuvarajan, and Vinoth Kanna 2018; Devarajan and Madhavan 2017). Butanol shall be employed in diesel engine without modification. Butanol is produced from biomass by the Acetone Butanol and Ethanol fermentation process (Vellaiyan, Amirthagadeswaran, and Vijayakumar 2017; Xiao et al. 2017). The process uses the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum. The butanol was a by-product of this fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced) (Yang, Wu, and Hsu 2016). The process also creates a recoverable amount of H2 and a number of other by-products: acetic, lactic and propionic acids, isopropanol and ethanol. Table 4 shows the properties of butanol.