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Cardiovascular system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The imaging assessment of venous drainage of the legs, either for acute DVT or chronic venous insufficiency (‘varicose veins’) is predominantly done by ultrasound, which can detect patency of the deep veins and map the size and location of varicose superficial veins and the perforating veins that connect the deep and superficial systems [94]; untreated perforating veins are a common cause of recurrence of varicose veins following surgery.
Physiological changes during prolonged standing and walking considering age, gender and standing work experience
Published in Ergonomics, 2020
Rudolf Wall, Gabriela Garcia, Thomas Läubli, Robert Seibt, Monika A. Rieger, Bernard Martin, Benjamin Steinhilber
Furthermore, an increase in lower leg oedema, which develops rapidly during static standing (Stick, Stofen, and Witzleb 1985), leads to an increase in circumferential stress of the venous walls (increased venous hypertension). This is believed to trigger pathophysiological remodelling processes (e.g. fibrosis and thickening of the venous wall, atrophy of elastic fibres) that can lead to varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency (Segiet et al. 2015; Serralheiro et al. 2017; Mansilha and Sousa 2018). In addition, decreased hemodynamics can lead to pro-inflammatory responses, further contributing to venous wall remodelling (Pfisterer et al 2014, Mansilha and Sousa 2018). A commonly used surrogate measure for the development of venous diseases is the lower leg volume (Kanai, Haeno, and Sakamoto 1987; Hansen, Winkel, and Jørgensen 1998). The gold standard of volumetry is the so called waterplethysmography (WP) (Petersen et al. 1999; Henschke, Boland, and Adams 2006). However, this procedure is time consuming (Wall et al. 2017). Another approach uses the property of bioelectrical impedance (BI) which is based on frequency dependent electrical resistance changes due to variations in liquid quantity in the encompassed area (Kanai, Sakamoto, and Haeno 1983; Seo, Rys, and Konz 2001). The short measurement duration with this method allows estimation of the oedema progression over time.
Medical textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2020
In clinical applications, it is important to know the pressure profile, dosage of compression and the pressure distribution of the stocking. As such, compression bandages are classified according to the level of compression that they provide: Class 1 bandages offer light support at 14-17 mmHg to control varicose veins and mild oedema, Class II medium support at 18-24 mmHg for the treatment of severe varicose veins, mild oedema and prevention of ulcer recurrence with Class 3 offering strong support at 25-35 mmHg for severe varicose veins, post-phlebitic limbs, the prevention of ulcer recurrence and chronic venous insufficiency [431].
Chronic iliofemoral vein obstruction – an under-recognized cause of exercise limitation‡
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Michael J. Segel, Ronen Reuveny, Jacob Luboshitz, Dekel Shlomi, Issahar Ben-Dov
Local symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency after deep vein thrombosis (DVT), known as the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), are well described (Winter, Schernthaner, & Lang, 2017). However, less is known about the effect of residual venous obstruction on exercise capacity. We observed that some patients with a history of proximal DVT and relatively mild signs of PTS suffer from unexplained effort intolerance.