China 
Africa 
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Nanopulse Stimulation Therapy
Published in Marko S. Markov, James T. Ryaby, Erik I. Waldorff, Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Clinical Applications, 2020
The lesions scored as moderately to severely hyperpigmented increased from 0% at 5 days to 16% at 30 and 60 days. However, by 90 days, only 3% of the lesions were in that category, indicating that the hyperpigmentation may fade over time. Further studies are planned to optimize NPS therapy for SGH which might result in a reduction in the applied energy which may reduce the hyperpigmentation. Another approach would be the use of hydroquinone in darker pigmented patients post procedure as is commonly used to reduce postinflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by other therapies.
Occupational skin diseases
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Hyperpigmentation is a condition by which the skin darkens. This can follow any episode of skin inflammation, and is due to accumulation of melanin from injured melanocytes of haemosiderin from blood cells present in dermal tissue. This is more common in people with dark complexions.
Phototoxicity of Topical and Systemic Agents
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach
Acute lesions of human phototoxic dermatitis resolve in days to weeks, whereas recovery from hyperpigmentation is delayed for months or years. Depigmentation therapy is accomplished with 2% hydroquinone. Sunscreens are useful to protect against further hyperpigmentation.
Green preparation, characterization, evaluation of anti-melanogenesis effect and in vitro/in vivo safety profile of kojic acid hydrogel as skin lightener formulation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Zahra Rezanejad Gatabi, Majid Saeedi, Katayoun Morteza-Semnani, Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia, Rezvan Yazdian-Robati, Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi
Hyperpigmentation is a common cosmetic issue defined by hyperpigmentation on sun-exposed regions as a result of enhanced melanogenesis. While naturally sun-induced melanin formation is useful for its photoprotective activity and sun tan appearance, high quantities of melanin deposition in certain areas of the skin leading in darkening spots is unwanted and causes a cosmetic concern [1].