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Eczema
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Isopropyl alcohol or denatured ethyl alcohol is extensively used in hospitals for cleansing the skin. Contact sensitivity to alcohol is uncommon, but may occur. Agents added to denatured alcohol are neither potent nor frequent sensitizers. Hexachlorophene, once a very popular disinfectant, rarely caused contact allergy. It is now recommended that its use be restricted because it has various systemic effects including neurotoxicity. Chlorhexidine is a common disinfectant with a low sensitizing capacity. Accidental sensitization to benzalkonium chloride used as a disinfectant for the skin and sometimes for surgical instruments has occurred, but is probably rare among hospital personnel. Iodine compounds such as tincture of iodine and iodoform are sensitizers and may give rise to systemic effects. Povidone iodine (Betadine®) is said to be a safe disinfectant, although allergic contact dermatitis has been reported in connection with its use. Hospital personnel may be exposed to formaldehyde when it is used for sterilizing instruments, as a disinfectant, or in laboratories for fixing tissues. Formaldehyde is a primary irritant and a fairly common sensitizer. Glutaraldehyde used for sterilization of instruments has caused contact sensitivity among hospital personnel. The disinfectant dodecyl-di-(amino-ethyl) glycine which is marketed under various trade names (Tego®, Tego® 103G, Desimex®, and Ampholyt G®) may sensitize hospital workers.
Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Biguanides refer to the class of compounds that are derivatives of imidodicarbonimidic diamide. The most commonly known biguanide is chlorhexidine [1,6-bis(4ʹ-chlorophenyl-biguanide)hexane], usually used as its digluconate salt and which has a broad spectrum of activity. However, its action is pH dependent and greatly reduced by the presence of organic matter. It can only be used in very low concentrations in ophthalmic formulations because of its irritation potential. Chlorhexidine is believed to exert its action by membrane destabilization, leading to the leakage of intracellular components; at high concentrations, it can cause protein and nucleic acid precipitation [88]. It is generally used at concentrations of 5–10 ppm by weight. Because of its weak activity against yeast, fungi, and Serratia marcescens, it is usually used in combination with other agents such as EDTA and BAK.
Biomaterials and Immune Response in Periodontics
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
Sivaraman Prakasam, Praveen Gajendrareddy, Christopher Louie, Clarence Lee, Luiz E. Bertassoni
One of the key aspects of the practice of periodontics is helping the patient maintain adequate oral hygiene practices for health as well as disease control. Periodontists often prescribe mouth rinses containing chlorhexidine (CHX) for routine post-operative care, but CHX mouthwashes have been used since the 1970s to control plaque and gingivitis134–136 due to their antimicrobial properties and substantivity. Other healthcare professionals use chlorhexidine-containing products as topical antimicrobial agents. However, there is growing evidence that CHX is capable of inducing hypersensitivity reaction in adults and children.137–142 Enger et al. (2009) described severe and life-threatening reactions towards CHX in 104 men during operative procedures of either urological or cardiothoracic surgery. Noteworthy from the diverse sources of CHX sensitisation is the fact that three men from this series related previous exposure to CHX only from mouthwash formulations.143
Effect of Different Decontamination Protocols Applied to Blood-Saliva Contaminated Dentin Surfaces of Universal Adhesive Resin Post-Etch on Shear Bond Strength
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Seyda Herguner Siso, Esin Murrja, Merve Aydemir, Ayse Sueda Al
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is widely used as an antimicrobial agent in disinfection. At the same time, it maintains the bond strength stability as a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor(Stanislawczuk et al. 2009). Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is partially responsible for hybrid layer degradation. Since chlorhexidine has strong anti-MMP-2, −8, and −9 activity, it is known that it has beneficial effects in the protection of resin-dentin bonds, and can bind to dentin matrices (Gendron, Grenier, Sorsa, Mayrand 1999). It enables the etching dentin treated with CHX to form a more stable hybrid layer(Carrilho et al. 2007; Brackett et al. 2009). As a result of this study, it was observed that the CHX application had a positive effect on bond strength. There are many studies reporting that the use of CHX after etching of dentin does not affect the shear and tensile bond strength of the etch and rinse systems (Brackett et al. 2007; Say, Koray, Tarim, Soyman, Gülmez 2004; de Castro, de Andrade, Duarte Júnior, Vaz, Ahid 2003). Contrary to these results, Gunaydın et al. reported that a 2% CHX application reduces the bond strength of the etch and rinse systems (Gunaydin, Yazici, Cehreli 2016). The difference in results is thought to be due to the differences in CHX application times.
Surface modification of ureteral stents: development history, classification, function, and future developments
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Kaiguo Xia, Xudong Shen, Xiaojie Ang, Bingbing Hou, Yang Chen, Kaiping Zhang, Zongyao Hao
Chlorhexidine is a surfactant-type bactericide, which has quite strong broad-spectrum antibacterial and bactericidal effects and is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Zelichenko G [68] et al. soaked ureteral stents in chlorhexidine solution to make chlorhexidine-coated stents, then the stents were immersed in the bacterial solution in vitro experiments, and it was found that compared with uncoated stents, chlorhexidine-coated stents had obvious inhibitory effects on common urinary pathogens: Enterococcus, Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli.