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Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Saravanan Shanmugam, Jullyana S. S. Quintans, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Adriano A. S. Araújo, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside extracted from the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, is a nutraceutical substance already used in food supplementation for neurodegenerative disorders and plays a vital role in the regulation of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and has been shown to have anti-oxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory activities (Zhang et al. 2007, 2009; Fu et al. 2014). Catalpol was found to inhibit LPS and IFN-r-induced inflammatory responses in astrocytes (Bi et al. 2013). Catalpol can also downregulate the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of TGF-1 and CTGF in the renal cortex and lower blood glucose concentrations in diabetic rats with nephropathy. It stimulated the synthesis of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in the glomeruli through the TGF-1/Smad protein cell signaling pathway (Lan 2011). TGF-1 mRNA expression and protein levels are increased in the glomeruli in various experimental animal diabetic models (Nakamura et al. 1993). Only two reports are available on the catalpol compound. The evidence that pre-treatment of catalpol has a protective effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, and that the potential mechanism of this action may be related to the inhibition of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, which subsequently leads to the suppression of NF-κB and MAPK activation and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production (Fu et al. 2014). Another study investigated the effect of catalpol on diabetic nephropathy in rats (Dong and Chen 2013). The obtained results from this study reveal that catalpol 30, 60, 120 mg/kg could significantly reduce the Kidney Weight Index (KWI), improve the kidney function and pathological change, decrease the tissue level of Angiotensin II (Ang II), TGF-1, Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF), fibronectin (FN), and collagen type IV (Col IV), catalpol ameliorated the early diabetic nephropathy. It improved the renal function and decreased the overproduction of the FN and Col IV expressions in the renal cortex of the diabetic rats. The mechanism may be related to depressing TGF-1 and CTGF mRNA expression and decreasing the excretion of Ang II, TGF-1, and CTGF.
Establishment and elicitation of transgenic root culture of Plantago lanceolata and evaluation of its anti-bacterial and cytotoxicity activity
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Samaneh Rahamouz-Haghighi, Khadijeh Bagheri, Ali Sharafi, Hossein Danafar
Apigenin, catalpol and gallic acid are the important medicinal compounds in P. lanceolata extracts in the main three classes, namely flavonoids, glycoside iridoid and phenol. Among over 6000 different flavonoids, apigenin is one of the five most abundant kind.[26] Apigenin demonstrated low toxicity having multiple biological properties. Most studies based on apigenin focused on the field of covering cancer chemoprevention, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions.[27] Moreover, owing to the beneficial health care such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant[28,29] anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities, this bioactive agent has been utilized as a traditional medicine over decades.[30] Catalpol has numerous pharmacological properties including anti-tumor, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, liver protective and anti-microbial effects.[31,32] Gallic acid, one of the aromatic secondary plant metabolites (phenolic acids) contained in many medicinal plants, is used in folk remedies. It also displays wide range of therapeutic activity including anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties.[33]