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Viable Microbial Allergens
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Indoor Air Quality, 2018
Candida spp., an Ascomycota, is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast typically detected in the gastrointestinal tract and mouth in 40 to 60 percent of healthy adults. Although part of the normal flora of a health person, Candida spp. are opportunistic yeasts that cause candidiasis in immune-suppressed patients. Candida albicans is the most common species isolated from biofilms encountered on implanted medical devices or on human tissue. C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata are responsible for 50 to 90 percent of all cases of candidiasis in humans. A mortality rate of 40 percent has been reported in patients with systemic candidiasis due to C. albicans. In 2007, it was estimated that 2800 to 11,200 deaths are caused annually in the United States as a result of C. albicans candidiasis (Pfaller and Diekema, 2007). The author has collected air samples demonstrating the presence of high levels of C. albicans in a residence of a cancer patient. The source was unclear (Krasinski et al. 1985)!
Unsubstantiated diagnoses and treatments
Published in Herman Staudenmayer, Environmental Illness, 2018
Proponents of the “yeast connection” say that there are no diagnostic physical abnormalities, no laboratory test abnormalities, and no evidence of Candida albicans overgrowth locally or systemically. Nevertheless, the “yeast connection” is postulated to be a predisposing factor for multiple sclerosis, arthritis, psoriasis, schizophrenia, cancer, AIDS, depression, and various emotional and behavioral problems. Populations susceptible to systemic candidiasis disease include individuals undergoing cancer chemotherapy or prolonged antibiotic therapy, drug addicts, those suffering from conditions such as AIDS, chronic alcoholism, or diabetes mellitus, or individuals who are otherwise immunocompromised (Blonz, 1986). Advocates of the “yeast connection” suggest that yeast problems are a cause rather than a complication of these conditions.
Biological Hazards
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s, 2015
Candidiasis is also known as thrush and is a fungal infection of the Candida species, with Candida albicans being the most common. Occupations at greatest risk include dishwashers, bartenders, cooks, bakers, poultry, and packinghouse workers. Candidiasis is usually localized as infections of the skin or mucosal membranes of the oral cavity (thrush), the pharynx or esophagus, the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary bladder, or the genitalia. This disease can be transmitted sexually through intercourse. Prevention includes frequent hand washing and avoidance of hand-to-mouth or hand-to-genitalia contact when handling contaminated items.
Sustained vaginal delivery of in situ gel containing Voriconazole nanostructured lipid carrier: formulation, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Ruchika M. Bondre, Pranita S. Kanojiya, Rita N. Wadetwar, Priya S. Kangali
Vaginal Candidiasis or Vulvovaginal Candidiasis is the condition in which there is an infection in the vaginal tissue due to the causative agent Candida albicans and it is regarded as the second major cause of mucosal infection after the bacterial vaginosis.[1] The infection can invade the deeper vaginal tissue and candida can form the biofilm which presents difficulty in treatment or may lead to failure of the treatment.[2,3] Azole antifungal drugs are frequently prescribed for treating candida infections. Voriconazole represents the triazole group and is a BCS class II drug having poor aqueous solubility and high permeability.[4] It shows extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism and has serious side effects like visual disturbances as well as elevated hepatic enzyme levels when given orally.[5]
Design and optimization of liquisolid compact based vaginal sustained release tablet of antifungal agent for vaginal candidiasis
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Pranita S. Kanojiya, Pradip N. Ghodake, Rita N. Wadetwar
Currently, there is striking increase in the cases of Vaginal Candidiasis (VC) in the female population. The infection is characterized by the anomalous growth of the fungi Candida albicans that attach and reside on the female reproductive tract mucosal tissue.[1] The signs and symptoms of the infection include the itching, burning, redness, pain in vulva as well as in vagina, edema and erythema.[2] Nearly 75% of the female all round the globe are likely to experience the episode of VC nearly once in their lifetime and almost half of them are likely to suffer from the recurrent VC.[1] The presently available treatment options for the vaginal candidiasis include the first line antifungal drugs like Fluconazole, Clotrimazole, Miconazole nitrate. Eventually, the concurrent use of these drugs has resulted in the occurrence of the microbial resistance.[3]
Water-soluble polycarbodiimides and their cytotoxic and antifungal properties
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Enosha Harshani De Silva, Narges Salamat, Li Zhang, Jie Zheng, Bruce M. Novak
Candida species is credited as the fourth most widespread cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States [37]. Of the Candida species, C. albicans is the most significant opportunistic pathogen [38,39]. Candidiasis caused by C. albicans can necessitate invasive and intensive treatment if the infection is able to spread to internal organs through the bloodstream [39]. Available treatments for candidiasis are comprised of azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and nucleoside analogs [39]. However, increasing cases of resistance have been reported for these treatments, therefore, necessitating the innovation of new classes of antifungal therapies [39]. We suspect that polycarbodiimides hold antifungal properties, and therefore, can serve as novel antifungal treatment.