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Recent Advances of Nanotechnologies for Cancer Immunotherapy Treatment
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
Cancer immunotherapy is the treatment method that utilizes the host’s immune system to fight against tumor cells [10,11]. It has gained increasing interest in clinical trials due to its durable efficacy and low toxicity compared to the traditional antitumor treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cancer immunotherapy can be categorized into passive and active immunotherapy. Passive immunotherapy refers to the treatment that enhances existing antitumor responses by using monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and lymphocytes. Active immunotherapy is attributed to the stimulation of immune system to kill tumor cells through targeting TAAs, including tumor vaccines and cell therapy. Moreover, both approaches can be either specific or nonspecific immunotherapy. Among these strategies, antibody therapy is the most effective and successful treatment applied in a variety of cancers, especially solid tumors [12]. More importantly, the emergence of ICB antibodies provides new insight into cancer immunotherapy in recent years.
Mechanistic Model of Tumor Response to Immunotherapy
Published in Vittorio Cristini, Eugene J. Koay, Zhihui Wang, An Introduction to Physical Oncology, 2017
Geoffrey V. Martin, Eman Simbawa
In general, immunotherapies encompass any therapeutic strategy aimed at modulating the immune system to gain a desired clinical end. In cancer, immunotherapy strategies have included vaccination, generalized immune system activation (e.g., IL-2), and targeted immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-programmed cell death protein-1 [PD-1] antibodies), as shown in Figure 9.2. These therapies emphasize the importance of relevant model selection, as they can have different effects on individual components of the immune system. For example, dendritic cell processing of tumor antigens may be important for adequate vaccination response modeling, but may be less relevant for checkpoint inhibitors only targeted at T-cell surface receptors. Finding not only biologic variables that are relevant to immunotherapy response but also ones that are measurable or estimated from other studies remains another challenging task in quantitative modeling of immune-based therapies. Despite these challenges, multiple studies have investigated the role of these interventions and correlated their findings to clinical data. To exemplify the role of mathematical modeling in immunotherapy, we briefly describe some successes of prior investigations in this area, as well as present a model of immunotherapy adapted from our previously detailed chemotherapy models in the rest of this chapter.
Medicine and Pharmaceuticals Biomanufacturing – Industry 5.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Zahra Nashath, Doris Ying Ying Tang, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show
As personalization is one of the main tenets of the Industry 5.0 revolution, cancer vaccines deserve a mention as an effective prospective technology. Cancer immunotherapy is a novel technique as it manipulates the immune system to produce immune cells to kill tumor cells instead of targeting the tumor directly. As tumor cells are constantly evolving and differ greatly from patient to patient, personalization of medicine is instrumental in developing this therapy. Studies on prostate cancer therapy where algorithms were tested using patient data before treatment, was used to formulate the personalized prostate cancer vaccines showed that this method of personalized treatment is feasible (Kogan et al. 2012, 2218–27).
Tumor growth suppression by implantation of an anti-CD25 antibody-immobilized material near the tumor via regulatory T cell capture
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2021
Tsuyoshi Kimura, Rino Tokunaga, Yoshihide Hashimoto, Naoko Nakamura, Akio Kishida
Cancer treatment can be classified into surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Cancer immunotherapy is a method for treating cancer using the immune system. To date, various cancer immunotherapies have been proposed, including vaccine therapy using autologous cancer vaccines [1], dendritic cell vaccines [2], and adoptive immunotherapy using natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells [3]. Among these approaches, cancer immunotherapy related to regulatory T cells (Tregs) has recently become a major research focus. Tregs, i.e., CD4-, CD25-, and FoxP3-positive T cells, are key players in immune suppression [4] and function by controlling the activation of antigen-presenting cells via cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g., interleukin-10). In addition, Tregs play roles in suppressing the attack of T cells and other immune cells by modulating the production of transforming growth factor-β [5]. Furthermore, in the tumor microenvironment, which is formed by various components, including cancer cells, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix, Treg accumulation is induced by secretion of the chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22) from cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating macrophages, resulting in an antitumor immune response [6,7]. Several treatments that inhibit immunosuppressive signal transduction by immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-CTLA-4 and anti-programmed death-1 antibodies) and depletion of Tregs by administration of anti-C-C motif chemokine receptor 4 antibodies have been proposed as Treg-related cancer immunotherapies [8,9]. The development of selective Treg removal methods is also proposed [10,11]. Although the efficacies of these treatments have been demonstrated, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce serious side effects owing to activation of T cells [12]. In addition, because Tregs are strongly related to autoimmunity, Treg-removing treatments may cause systemic autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the development of a method for local Treg removal at the tumor is essential.