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Foodborne Illness
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
Campylobacter is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in the United States, responsible for approximately 2 million cases annually. Campylobacter species are part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Of primary concern are cattle and poultry. Contamination occurs primarily during food processing when the intestinal tract is lacerated, allowing feces to contaminate the food product. Infected food handlers and raw milk are also significant sources of infection. Campylobacter jejuni is the organism most commonly implicated in Campylobacter infection.
Inactivation of faecal pathogens during faecal sludge composting: a systematic review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Musa Manga, Chimdi C. Muoghalu, Pamela O. Acheng
Bacterial pathogens are major causes of gastrointestinal illnesses [53]. Common bacterial pathogens which can be found in the human gut include Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Vibrio cholera [52]. Most research studies make use of indicator bacteria such as faecal coliform (E. coli) and enterococcus as surrogates for determining the presence of bacterial pathogens in waste materials. These indicator organisms are usually part of the intestinal flora of warm-blooded animals but are not pathogens. Factors which influence the transmission of these bacterial pathogens include the fact that they are not latent, their persistence and also the ability to multiply outside the intestinal environment. Some researchers have noted that even after composting FS, bacterial pathogens can still be present in the finished compost [54]. This can be attributed to the bacteria’s ability to grow outside the host or to form spores in the presence of environmental stressors. Thus, based on their behaviour during composting, bacterial pathogens can be grouped into: (i) non-spore-forming obligate bacteria, (ii) non-spore-forming facultative bacteria, and (iii) spore-forming bacteria [55].
Human and livestock pathogens and their control during composting
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
A “hardness” order classifying bacteria according to their likelihood to survive composting was suggested (Pourcher et al., 2005; Roser et al., 2011). The group of bacteria least likely to survive composting includes Enterobacteriaceae (including E. coli and Salmonella spp.) and Campylobacter jejuni. Some uncertainties remain for some bacteria included in this group (such as Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella sp.) as their nondetection after composting varies according to the analytical methods used and their detection limits. The second “hardness” group includes bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, enterococci and Streptococcus faecalis. The most resistant group includes Clostridium perfringens and Mycobacterium spp., with the protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum exhibiting inactivation rates like those of Clostridium spp. (Roser et al., 2011).
Nanoformulation approach for improved stability and efficiency of lactoperoxidase
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Numerous studies have shown that the enhancement of LPS may inhibit various psychrotrophic microbes, such as numerous Micrococcus strains, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus genera.[51–53] Consequently, this prevents and protects food from spoilage for some days if compared to what can be attained with refrigeration condition alone.[37] Mixtures of LPO with some bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus reuteri produced a potential antimicrobial multi-ingredient that showed a strong bactericidal efficiency against numerous Gram-negative bacteria that present in milk products including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica,.[54] The LPS attended not only as a strong biocidal ingredient toward a broad spectrum of bacteria but also can exert a crucial fungicidal activity against pathogenic molds and yeasts such as Candida albicans.[55]