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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
If there is increased production of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism), metabolism is stimulated and more heat is produced, the heart beats faster, the heart excitability is increased which may give rise to disorders of heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmias). In this situation, which is called thyrotoxicosis, the person is irritable, anxious and nervous. They lose weight though the appetite is good. They often have protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos). In addition, the thyroid gland produces calcitonin, which is important in the regulation of calcium balance.
Advances in Osteoarthritis of the Hip
Published in K. Mohan Iyer, Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
Pratham Surya, Sriram Srinivasan, Dipen K. Menon
There are a number of potential targets that can be manipulated to alter the course of OA. Research is ongoing to develop effective drugs in this area. Calcitonin is in trial clinically as it has shown remarkable effects on bone remodelling. Vitamin D gets depleted in OA, and vitamin D replacement can benefit patients with OA. Some protease enzymes deplete certain enzymes and can have an adverse effect on articular cartilage. Inhibition of such proteases can be the potential target for treatment of OA. One such enzyme inhibitor, ADAMTS5, is being investigated [21].
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
If there is increased production of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism), metabolism is stimulated and more heat is produced, the heart beats faster, the heart excitability is increased which may give rise to disorders of heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmias). In this situation, which is called thyrotoxicosis, the person is irritable, anxious and nervous. They lose weight though the appetite is good. They often have protrusion of the eye balls (exophthalmos). In addition, the thyroid gland produces calcitonin, which is important in the regulation of calcium balance.
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
Bone formation takes between 4 and 6 month to complete. The organic matrix is synthesized by osteoblasts, which also regulate its mineralization. The osteoblasts that are surrounded and buried within the matrix, are transformed into osteocytes (Clarke 2008). At the end of the bone formation process, most of the osteoblasts (50 to 70%) undergo apoptosis. In humans, bone can grow in two ways: enchondral and membraneous bone growth. Bone growth is under the direct control of the growth hormone, which not only influences the apposition but also the resorption of bone, making it an important component in bone remodeling (Ohlsson et al. 1998). Another important hormone for the bone mineralization is the parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is secreted by the parathyroid glands and has a very important role in bone remodeling. It is capable of increasing the blood calcium levels by subtracting it from the bones when it is required (Parfitt 1976). In opposition, calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, decreases the blood level of calcium, storing it inside the bone tissue (Yamamoto, Noguchi, and Takahashi 2005).
Hyaluronate – parathyroid hormone peptide conjugate for transdermal treatment of osteoporosis
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Minsoo Cho, Seulgi Han, Hyemin Kim, Ki Su Kim, Sei Kwang Hahn
In addition, we measured the level of Ca2+ in the blood to assess in vivo bone regeneration using the same procedure (n = 3, Figure 6(B)). The level of serum Ca2+ of HA-PTH1–34 conjugate treated group was significantly higher than that of PTH1–34 treated group, which was well matched with the PK profiles. The increased Ca2+ level in the blood promotes the secretion of calcitonin, which can decrease the serum Ca2+ level, inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts. Because of this biological activity, PTH1–34 is currently used as a therapeutics for treating osteoporosis. Taken together, HA-PTH1–34 conjugate might be developed as a promising candidate drug for transdermal treatment of osteoporosis with greatly improved patient compliance.