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Macrophage Targeting: A Promising Strategy for Delivery of Chemotherapeutics in Leishmaniasis and Other Visceral Diseases
Published in Sarwar Beg, Mahfoozur Rahman, Md. Abul Barkat, Farhan J. Ahmad, Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Disease, 2019
Jaya Gopal Meher, Pankaj K. Singh, Yuvraj Singh, Mohini Chaurasia, Anita Singh, Manish K. Chourasia
Macrophage targeting has been investigated in different cardiovascular diseases, especially the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease which has assumed threatening proportions, as it grows without any prominent symptoms until serious blockade occurs in the vessels. Biological understanding of atherosclerosis reveals that as the atherosclerotic lesions grow, so does the accumulation of macrophages on arterial walls. SRs (CD 36) on surface of such macrophages are responsible for uptake of LDL which leads to progression of lesion (Bobryshev et al., 2016). Nie et al. have recognized CD 36 receptors to be an important target for detecting atherosclerotic lesions and inflammatory state. They have adopted a novel non-invasive technique for this purpose and developed CD36-targeted nanovesicles. Liposomes were formulated by taking soy phosphatidylcholine and then those vesicles were decorated with 1-(Palmitoyl)–2-(5-keto–6-octene-dioyl) phosphatidylcholine. In vitro examination in macrophages showed a very high selective uptake of nanovesicles. In vivo findings of the study revealed that nanovesicles were selectively taken up by aortic lesions. Authors claimed that this delivery system would be a suitable tool for early detection of atherosclerotic lesions via a non-invasive imaging technique (Nie et al., 2015).
Core genes in lung adenocarcinoma identified by integrated bioinformatic analysis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Liu Yang, Qi Yu, Yonghang Zhu, Manthar Ali Mallah, Wei Wang, Feifei Feng, Qiao Zhang
In addition, our study also found that VWF, PECAM1, TEK, ANGPT1, SCGB1A1, CD36 and SPARCL1 were lower expressed in LUAD and were associated with good overall survival, which need to be further attention. VWF encodes a glycoprotein involved in hemostasis. Once this gene is mutated, it can lead to an inherited bleeding disorder (Favaloro et al. 2018). According to some experimental and clinical studies, immune responses such as chronic inflammation, may influence the development and progression of cancer. VWF is regarded as an anti-tumor factor, which negatively regulates angiogenesis and apoptosis (Franchini et al. 2013). On the contrary, VWF has been reported to promote tumorigenesis of LUAD by modulating inflammatory effects in lung cancer (Liu et al. 2017). As a result, more research on this gene is required. Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily located at the endothelial cell–cell junctions (Woodfin et al. 2007). One previous study has revealed that mRNA expression of PECAM1 was significantly higher in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues than that in normal tissues (Yang et al. 2019). PECAM1 was also discovered to be important in ARDS lung repair and regeneration (Villar et al. 2019). The angiogenin receptor TEK is a tyrosine kinase which regulates homeostasis through its own and transphosphoric acid actions, which is regarded as a potential biomarker of ccRCC and lung cancer (Piao et al. 2018; Ha et al. 2019). Additionally, ANGPT1 is one of the key pro-angiogenic factors that enhances endothelial cell migration and capillary-like structure formation, and miRNAs can regulate these genes involved in tumor angiogenesis-dependent growth (Dews et al. 2006; Flores-Perez et al. 2016). Some researchers have the opinion that miRNA can affect many characteristics of breast cancer by targeting key angiogenic gene ANGPT1, which has the reference significance to the LUAD (Flores-Perez et al. 2016). CD36 is a membrane protein receptor located on the cell surface and it belongs to the scavenger receptor B family. By combining with different ligands, it participates in a variety of important physiological and pathological processes. A previous study had reported that changes in CD36 expression are related to NSCLC (Mehan et al. 2012). Thus, CD36 provides new evidence as a therapeutic target for cancer. SPARC-like protein 1 (SPARCL1) is a member of the cysteine-rich acid secreted protein (SPARC) family of cell matrix proteins. Wang et al. found that the expression of SPARCL1 in LUAD was down-regulated, and this gene regulates DNA methylation (Wang et al. 2019). Our study found that SCGB1A1 is related to the prognosis of LUAD patients, but its role in LUAD remains to be explored. Considering these reports and our research, we can conclude that VWF, PECAM1, TEK, ANGPT1, SCGB1A1, CD36 and SPARCL1 play an important prognostic role in LUAD.