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Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Vaccines as Drug Delivery Tools
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, all antibodies that have been used for cell targeting have been monoclonal IgG antibodies. However, experiments have recently been carried out using IgY as a substitute for IgG. IgY has shown some biochemical, immunological, and production-related advantages in comparison with IgG [192,193]. Other observations show that the attachment of antibodies to the CNT surface does not lead to alteration of Ab specificity for the target cell. It has been shown that the Ab can successfully deliver anticancer drug-loaded CNTs to the site of action. For example, Ashcroft et al. found that more than 40 CNT-anticancer drug complexes could be targeted as a result of coating the CNT with ZME-108, a specific type of skin cancer Ab [194]. In another experiment, a SWCNT functionalized by PEG and Rituxan (the monoclonal Ab against CD20, found primarily on B cells) selectively targeted the CD20 cell surface receptor on B cells with little binding to T cells [45].
Current and Rising Concepts in Immunotherapy: Biopharmaceuti cals versus Nanomedicines
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Targeting of non-phagocytic immune cells works can be realized by antibodies against cell-type specific markers, mostly those present on the cellular surface. In therapy of B cell lymphoma, the CD20 depleting antibody rituximab has been approved by the FDA in 1998 and was the first antibody against cancer to be approved. It is still in extensive use, but with the patent of rituximab expiring in 2013 in the EU and in 2016 in the USA, novel strategies, such as improved versions of the inhibitor or biosimilars to replace the drug, are under development. Monospecific antibodies such as rituximab act by labeling the designated cell type to be eliminated by other immune cells, based on binding of the Fc-part of the antibody to the Fc-receptor of immune cells. In order to increase the efficiency of killing CD20 expressing cells, bispecific antibodies with binding sites for CD20 and also for FAS were explored. After binding of both sites of the bi-specific antibody to single B cells, FAS triggers apoptosis. Interestingly, binding of FAS alone does not have this effect [62]. Scientists have followed on optimizing such constructs and CD20 × CD95 antibodies have opened novel perspectives for the treatment of B-cell-mediated autoimmune disease and lymphoma [63], and this concept also opens new perspectives for advanced pharmaceuticals.
Construction and evaluation of wild and mutant ofatumumab scFvs against the human CD20 antigen
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Reza Maleki, Azam Rahimpour, Masoumeh Rajabibazl
CD20 is a cell membrane protein expressed on B cells and observable during the pre-B cell level. This antigen stimulates the transport pump directly through the plasma membrane, and it plays an essential role in B cell growth modulation. Overexpression of CD20 on the surface of B cells is linked to B cell malignancies. As a result, anti CD20 antibodies have been approved as an appropriate therapeutic approach for B cell malignancies.[18,19] Since the immunogenicity, length, and expense of generating full-length monoclonal antibodies are major demerits, the production of smaller fragments of these antibodies by using a low-cost E. coli expression system is considered as a substitution method.[20] The smallest molecule keeping specificity of the antibody and biological behaviors is a single-chain antibody, which is a fusion protein containing a linker between and [21] Because of its light molecular weight, scFv has minimal immunogenicity, making it useful for treating autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and malignancies. ScFv antibodies have the potential for the treatment of tumor cells by targeting particular markers on these cells and either delivering a therapeutic substance or neutralizing the specific protein.[14]