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In Vivo
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
The micropatterns stimulated the expression of inflammatory chemokines. CCL2, CXCL10 and IL8 demonstrated the most influence of micropattern presence. IL-8 is known as a pro-inflammatory cytokine that attracts neutrophils [64] and has pro-angiogenic effects [65,66]. CXCL10 is involved in endothelial cells to leukocytes [67] and inhibits angiogenesis [68,69]. CCL2 has chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils [70].
Compositional variations in metal nanoparticle components of welding fumes impact lung epithelial cell toxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Li Xia, Jae Hong Park, Katelyn Biggs, Chang Geun Lee, Li Liao, Jonathan H. Shannahan
HO-1 as a marker of oxidative stress was demonstrated to be upregulated following welding fume exposure in animal and cell culture models (Leonard et al. 2010; Shoeb et al. 2017). HO-1 mRNA level tended to decrease as Fe composition fell in the electrode, suggesting induction of oxidative stress was related to the Fe content of the aerosol. mRNA expression level of TNF-α rose to the greatest extent following exposure to metal NP mixtures produced from 100%Fe electrode, and there was an increasing trend as Fe composition rose. TNF-α regulates inflammatory responses as well as oxidative stress defense by inducing the expression of antioxidant enzymes in various cells (de Gonzalo-Calvo et al. 2010). TNF-α is secreted by endothelial cells and to induce intracellular ROS generation (Chen et al. 2008). Previous investigators demonstrated Fe NPs increased TNF-α expression and oxidative stress (Khanna et al. 2015; Manke, Wang, and Rojanasakul 2013). Our current assessment suggests enhancement of TNF-α mRNA expression may be a potential target and/or biomarker associated with elevated oxidative stress and inflammation following exposure to NP mixtures consisting of a high amount of Fe NPs. However, TNF-α did not demonstrate similar changes at the protein level at the time point evaluated in this study, therefore, further examination related to mechanisms of potential signaling pathways need to be examined. mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and CCL2 were increased the to the highest extent following exposure to metal NP mixtures produced from 100%Mn electrode. Both IL-6 and CCL2 are induced in response to inflammatory stimuli. Previous investigators showed exposure to welding fumes or Mn NPs elevated mRNA IL-6 and CCL2 expression (Erdely et al. 2011, 2011; Sriram et al. 2010). These findings indicated that IL-6 and CCL2 may be important mediators of exacerbated inflammatory responses following exposure to Mn NPs. However, only IL-6 showed a significant increase in protein levels in cells that correlated with the changes observed in the transcriptional level. Data suggests differential release of inflammatory mediators by cells may be time-dependent. In addition, CCL2 as a chemokine might attract monocytes and macrophages to sites of inflammation and injury (Deshmane et al. 2009). Therefore, lung alveolar epithelial A459 cells utilized in our study may not initiate as robust of a pro-inflammatory response as compared to macrophages. According to the result of mRNA and protein expression of inflammation and oxidative stress markers, alterations among different metal NP mixtures exposures were detected. For example, exposure to NPs generated from 90%Fe/10%Mn induced higher mRNA expression of IL-8 compared to exposure to NPs from 100%Mn electrode or commercial electrode groups. TNF-α exhibited elevated expression in 100%Fe group compared to the commercial electrodes. In70%Fe/30%Mn electrode group, mRNA level of CCL2 were elevated compared to the one in 50%Fe/50%Mn electrode or commercial electrode groups. Finally, IL-8 and CCL2 displayed a tendency to rise as Fe or Mn composition changed. Elevation of Fe in the NP mixtures may contribute to the activation of IL-8 pathway, while elevated levels of Mn may potentially lead to an increase in CCL2 mRNA expression.