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Clinical Applications of Immunoassays
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
CA 125 is a glycoprotein antigen elevated in serum of women with ovarian cancer [75]. Serum concentrations of ≥30 U mL−1 are predictive of increased ovarian cancer risk in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Elevated CA 125 levels can be found in approximately half of women with early stage ovarian cancer and more often in advanced disease [76]. The specificity of the marker, however, is quite low and elevated serum levels can be found in 1% of healthy women but are also found in malignancies of the ovary, uterus, breast and in benign conditions, including endometriosis. Nonetheless, CA 125 immunoassays are commonly used for ovarian cancer screening and the validity of the marker is increased in serialised serum measurements [77].
Detecting collagen fibrils’ structure in ovarian cancer using second harmonic generation microscopy
Published in Khaled Habib, Elfed Lewis, Frontier Research and Innovation in Optoelectronics Technology and Industry, 2018
Jun-Fang Wu, Xi-Da Li, Chao Li
Although screening tests are usually used to detect disease, there is no effective screening test for ovarian cancer. The two tests used most often to screen for ovarian cancer are Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVUS) and the cancer antigen (CA)-125. TVUS can help to find a mass in the ovary, but most of the masses found are not cancer. CA-125 is used as a tumor marker. Levels of CA-125 in many ovarian cancer patients are high, while a high CA-125 level is more often caused by other conditions.
Imaging of the genitourinary tract
Published in Sarah McWilliams, Practical Radiological Anatomy, 2011
o It is also used to assess the ovaries for masses, diagnosis of ovarian cancer, ovarian cyst assessment, family history screening for ovarian cancer, infertility treatment assessing follicular size and in diagnosis of ectopic and early pregnancy. The diagnosis of ovarian cancer still involves clinical examination and CA-125 levels.
A critical review of talc and ovarian cancer
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Julie E. Goodman, Laura E. Kerper, Robyn L. Prueitt, Charlotte M. Marsh
Fletcher et al. (2019) exposed normal human primary ovarian epithelial cells and several ovarian cancer cell lines to 5, 20, or 100 μg/ml talc for 72 hr and demonstrated concentration-dependent elevation in various markers of oxidative stress, such as nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and diminished expression of antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Fletcher et al. (2019) also reported a rise in expression of CA-125 protein. CA-125 is a biomarker of ovarian cancer but is not specific to ovarian cancer, and may also be elevated in patients with other, noncancerous conditions of the reproductive tract and in patients with some other types of cancer (Jelovac and Armstrong 2011). Increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis with talc treatment of both normal and ovarian cancer cells were noted, as well as an induction of specific mutations in key oxidant and antioxidant enzymes that correlate with alterations in their activities. As with the study by Buz’Zard and Lau (2007), Fletcher et al. (2019) did not discuss the relevance of the in vitro concentrations employed in their study to any plausible in vivo dose to the ovaries of women who use talc. This is important because, as Fletcher et al. (2019) also did not include any inert particulate matter controls, they could not rule out effects due to the presence of an overload of inert particulate matter rather than talc specifically. Further, any parameters after a recovery period were not measured to determine whether the changes were permanent, or if these might return to baseline over time.