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Modes of Transmission of Coronavirus
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
Mohd. Faiz Saifi, Colin E. Evans, Neha Gupta
As per the current evidence, the natural host of CoV is the bat, whereby CoV has evolved to bind the receptor of the host through its surface’s glycoproteins. Variations in these surface glycoproteins, allow the virus to bind to a variety of hosts. However, another important feature of these CoVs is that CoVs may avoid the receptor-mediated entry into the host cell rather they may employ a different non-receptor mediated entry into the host cell [63]. The latter is mediated by, a kind of receptor switching mechanism which involves spike modularity and recombination. The presence of potent fusogenic potential in Spike protein may facilitate the infection via cell-to-cell spread mechanism. For instance, The JHM (MHV-JHM) murine CoVs strain, which codes for a highly fusogenic spike protein, requires infection to spread through cell-to-cell transmission rather than receptor-dependent entry [65].
Structures
Published in Thomas M. Nordlund, Peter M. Hoffmann, Quantitative Understanding of Biosystems, 2019
Thomas M. Nordlund, Peter M. Hoffmann
Why, generally, should a glycoprotein interest a physicist? The membranes surrounding cells are often said to be made up of lipid molecules. However, a large fraction of the membrane mass is made up of proteins. Some of these proteins have segments extending to the outside of the cell. The extracellular segments of these proteins are often glycosylated: they have an oligosaccharide (sugar polymer with less than about 100 subunits) attached. Such protein-saccharide complexes vary in saccharide content from <1% to >90%. Glycoproteins play a central role in cell–cell interactions and cell recognition. Cell recognition is indeed one of the great mysteries of biology and is a flourishing area of research owing to its connections with cancer, cell apoptosis (naturally programmed cell death), and the immune response.
Dielectrophoresis of complex bioparticles
Published in Michael Pycraft Hughes, Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and Biology, 2018
In addition to the payload and the capsid, many viruses have an extra lipid membrane (or envelope) similar to that which encloses cells. These are referred to as enveloped viruses, whereas those without membranes have naked capsids. In the vast majority of cases, there is also a layer of protein gel between the capsid and envelope called the tegument. Most such viruses also have glycoprotein molecules protruding from the envelope; these are molecules that interact with the surface of the host cell and aid in the infection process. Again, a number of common human viruses share this structure; examples include various herpes viruses (including those responsible for cold sores and chicken pox), and orthomyxovirus (which causes influenza). The capsid structure in enveloped viruses may either be icosahedral or helical; in the latter case the helix may be wrapped into a ball, such as in the case of influenza.
t-Butyl 3-azido- and 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-α-d -arabino-hexopyranosides: a concise protocol of structural and chemical profiles to identify metal ion binding modes
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Aleksandra M. Dąbrowska, Anna Barabaś, Artur Sikorski, Michał Wera, Jakub Brzeski, Marta Domżalska, Agnieszka Chylewska
Two 2,3-dideoxysaccharide derivatives with α-d-arabino configuration containing a 3-azido and a 3-amino functional groups were investigated. The compounds show the potential for direct use in the synthesis of labeled glycoproteins or as substituents capable to increase the bioactivity of the modified molecules. Comparative analysis of the results obtained by spectrophotometric and potentiometric titrations did not yield consistent results for all investigations performed. This indicates that equilibria spontaneously occurring in the systems studied were not always related to the typical proton transfer reactions between azide- or amine-saccharides and reactants present in the solution. The proton transfer overlapping within the substituents for each saccharide derivative studied may be responsible for the presence of additional equilibria that caused differences in the obtained experimental data. 2 represents higher values of pK and is thus more basic. The pK value below 3 may refer to deprotonation of the protonated azide. High pK values above 10 are probably related to the deprotonation of the hydroxyl group.
Antibacterial agents applied as antivirals in textile-based PPE: a narrative review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Zulfiqar Ali Raza, Muhammad Taqi, Muhammad Rizwan Tariq
The other class of compounds that show antiviral properties are photoactivated substances. The photodynamic effect occurs due to oxidative damage by singlet oxygen generated due to photosensitized reactions in the biological species. The glycoprotein present in enveloped and capsid proteins of non-enveloped viruses enables the virus to cross the plasma membrane of the host cell and transfer its genetic material into the host cell’s nucleus. Such proteins are liable to cell surface identification of the receptor and succeed for intracellular interactions. Therefore, photooxidative reactions are used to prevent the infection by damaging the protein coating by converting them into amino acids like Trp, His, Met, and Cys (Lhotáková et al., 2012).