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Articular Cartilage Development
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
BMPs are pleiotropic regulators of the cartilage and bone differentiation cascade, regulating chemotaxis of progenitor cells, mitosis of mesenchymal stem cells, and differentiation of cartilage and bone (Reddi 1998b). BMPs regulate almost every aspect of chondrocytes, including proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance. BMPs induce new bone and cartilage formation in vitro and in vivo (Pecina et al. 2002). BMP7, also known as human osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1), plays an important role in cartilage homeostasis and repair (Luyten et al. 1992; Flechtenmacher et al. 1996; Chubinskaya et al. 2000; Hidaka et al. 2003). Multiple studies have shown that BMP7 and TGF-β1 can synergistically increase cell survival and matrix synthesis in normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes (Yaeger et al. 1997; O’Connor et al. 2000; Loeser et al. 2003). TGF-β1 has been identified as one of the strongest pro-cartilage growth factors for maintenance of cartilage and chondrocyte phenotype and appears to be crucial in mediating responses to mechanical loading and in regulating lubrication (Neu et al. 2007; DuRaine et al. 2009, 2011). This superfamily is discussed in more detail in Section 2.3.2.
The application of nanogenerators and piezoelectricity in osteogenesis
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Fu-Cheng Kao, Ping-Yeh Chiu, Tsung-Ting Tsai, Zong-Hong Lin
PHBV, a member of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), is considered a promising biopolymer due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and thermoplasticity [59]. Moreover, it has a high degree of crystallinity and water insolubility and demonstrates a longer degradation time than other biocompatible polymers. Its piezoelectric coefficient (d14, 1.3 pC/N) is similar to that of human bone [60], and biodegradable PHBV-HA (hydroxyapatite) composites had been employed for bone tissue engineering [59,61]. Sultana et al. reported that PHBV-based scaffolds fabricated via an emulsion freezing/freeze-drying technique were favorable sites for osteoblastic cells and are promising for application in bone tissue engineering [62]. Nana Wang et al. also demonstrated the potential application of β-Ca2SiO4/PHBV composites in bone tissue engineering. In this study, they found that β-Ca2SiO4/PHBV composite scaffolds could facilitate the adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells by stimulating the transcription of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) genes. These scaffolds also induce early differentiation by promoting the transcription of ALP [63].
Design of a RADA16-based self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold for biomedical applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Rongrong Wang, Zhaoyue Wang, Yayuan Guo, Hongmin Li, Zhuoyue Chen
Li et al. [30] ligated the biologically active motif RKPS of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) to the C-terminus of RADA16-I to form the RADA-RKPS peptide. They found that when human embryonic myeloid stem cells (NPDCs) were cultured in RADA-RKPS and tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis-promoting environment, the RADA-RKPS peptide conferred a protective effect on NPDCs in the apoptotic environment, indicating that they had potential application value in the development of new biotherapeutic strategies for IVDD (intervertebral disk degeneration) [30]. Li et al. [68] prepared a RADA16-modified drug depot (RDD) and they found that the leakage of drugs from RADA16 hydrogels was significantly less than that of unmodified drug depots (DDs) in vitro. After they encapsulated the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in RDD (V-RDD), VEGF exhibited sustained release for 4 weeks. In addition, they found V-RDDs enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation when endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) cultured on the V-RDDs anchored scaffolds. These results indicate that self-assembled hydrogel-anchored drug-loaded RDD is expected to be used for local and sustained drug release and can effectively improve the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells [68]. Therefore, RADA16 can both release drugs and culture cells, making it an ideal model system for developing new drugs.
Bioinspired, biocompatible and peptide-decorated silk fibroin coatings for enhanced osteogenesis of bioinert implant
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Chunyan Wang, Shengnan Wang, Yuanyi Yang, Zhuo Jiang, Yi Deng, Shaoli Song, Weizhong Yang, Zhi-Gang Chen
Silkworm silks have been used for medical proposes for a long time due to their unique mechanical properties and good biocompatibility. Previous studies have confirmed that sericin may result in undesirable immunological responses and can be removed from the silks. Thus, the degradable ability and biocompatibility of silks are detected and it can be used to form a variety of biomaterials such as gels, sponges, films and scaffolds [24–26]. Nevertheless, some investigations demonstrate that silk fibroin films itself exhibit little osteogenic properties [27]. Hence, decorated with osteoinductive peptides have become an optimization method to overcome this problem. Bone forming peptide-1 (BFP), which is regarded as the truncated peptide of the full-length bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), exhibits excellent osteogenic effects than the mature BMP-7 [28–30]. BFP-1 overcomes the complexity of BMP-7 and can be utilized to functionalize silk fibroin. Several approaches such as dopamine-assisted immobilization strategy, or simply chemical bond binding have been successfully used to the introduction of BFP into osteogenic applications [28,31,32]. So, surface coating with bio-inspired silk fibroin, which lead to amino acid side change, can act as a medium to further immobilize the bone forming peptide [26].