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Craniofacial Regeneration—Bone
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Laura Guadalupe Hernandez, Lucia Pérez Sánchez, Rafael Hernández González, Janeth Serrano-Bello
Bone grafting is one of the most commonly used surgical methods to augment bone regeneration, and the second most frequent tissue transplantation just after blood transfusion. Bone grafts differ in terms of their properties of osteoconduction, osteoinduction, osteogenesis and structural support. As a result, in order to identify the ideal graft, surgeons should understand the requirements of the clinical situation and of the specific properties of the different types of bone graft. Among available grafts, autografts and allografts are considered the best approach However, these strategies are associated with their own disadvantages, including limited availability in case of autografts and potential immunogenic rejection when it comes to the utilization of allografts (Gaihre et al. 2017; Wang and Yeung 2017; Fillingham and Jacobs 2016).
A Review on Nanocellulose Composites in Biomedical Application
Published in S. M. Sapuan, Y. Nukman, N. A. Abu Osman, R. A. Ilyas, Composites in Biomedical Applications, 2020
N. S. Sharip, T. A. T. Yasim-Anuar, M. N. F. Norrrahim, S. S. Shazleen, N. Mohd. Nurazzi, S. M. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas
Bones, as part of the body's skeletal system, are capable of self-regeneration by actions of bone formation (osteogenesis) and bone lysis (osteolysis). However, severe defects could disrupt the efficiency of this function (Esmonde-White et al., 2013; Filipowska et al., 2017). Therefore, grafting as replacement is needed to help in providing mechanical or structural support, fill defective gaps, and enhance bone tissue formation (Bohner, 2010; Damien & Parsons, 1991). In addition to replacing missing bones, grafting materials also aid to regenerate lost bone. Conventionally, bone grafting is conducted by transferring natural bones from several sources such as autografting, allografting, and xenografting. In corresponding order, the sources of bone grafts are from the bones of another part of the recipients' body, bones from a different individual of the same species, and bones from a different species such as from animal to human. However, these three methods expose patients to the risk of rejection and transmission of infectious diseases, on top of donor shortage limitation for autografts and allografts (Damien & Parsons, 1991; Sheikh et al., 2015).
An Insight into Advanced Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Biomimetic Systems in Tissue Engineering
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Kusha Sharma, Abhay Tharmatt, Pooja A Chawla, Kamal Shah, Viney Chawla, Bharti Sapra, Neena Bedi
Current options to treat bone defects include replacing lost bone with allogeneic or similar bone grafts. Nevertheless, bone grafting is restricted due to high failure rates, donor site morbidity, risks of surgical complications, and limited availability of free bone tissue to be harvested (Wang and Yeung, 2017). Biomaterials under development could simulate the natural extracellular matrix of the bone structure. These biomaterials are being engineered with the application of nanotechnology (Yao et al., 2019). Because the ECM structure has nanoscale properties, nanomaterials are studied as biomimetics for the ECM structure (Barnes et al., 2007).
Strontium and selenium doped bioceramics incorporated polyacrylamide-carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel scaffolds: mimicking key features of bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2021
Nonita Sarin, Mallesh Kurakula, K.J. Singh, Anuj Kumar, Davinder Singh, Saroj Arora
Bone tissue regeneration is one of the most prominent medical research areas looking for solutions due to widespread people carrying bone defects and disorders. In this modern era, the increase in the alarming rates of localized bone and tissue disorders, osteoporosis, congenital defects, traumatic injuries, and organ failure make an urgent call for tissue engineering. Tissue engineering revolutionizes the traditional approach of bone grafting. There are various drawbacks associated with grafts, such as donor morbidity, the transmission of disease, and limited availability. To overcome these problems, tremendous efforts for bone tissue repair strategies have been undertaken to develop promising synthetic scaffolds which mimic the body tissue environment and these must be bio-functional, porous, and should be able to provide osteoblast cell adhesion. The idea of designing an implant material for successful implication in the orthopedic field has always been a mystery but the emerging bone tissue regeneration field brings global developments in this area [1,2].
The Methylcellulose/Hydroxyapatite composite for bone graft
Published in Advanced Composite Materials, 2020
Owing to clinical bone defects due to trauma, the demand for bone regeneration has increased. Many types of bone-grafting materials are used to recover bone defects and include allografts, autografts, xenografts, and other artificial synthetic bone grafts [1,2]. Autografts have limitations, such as donor shortage and donor site morbidity, while allografts and xenografts also have drawbacks, such as bone infection and immune reactions. To avoid such problems, synthetic bone-graft materials have been developed. Metals, polymers, and bioceramics are used as synthetic bone-graft materials. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a typical synthetic bone-graft material [3–5]. HAp has a similar structure to that of human bones and its granular powder form, with an average powder particle size of hundreds of micrometers, is used for osteoconduction. However, synthetic bone-graft materials in granular powder form have some limitations. For example, it is difficult to use granular powder to treat complex bone defects [6]. Moreover, micrometer-sized particles exhibit lower bone regeneration efficiency than nanometer-sized particles [7]. To overcome these problems during treatment, studies have been conducted on gel/putty-type bone-graft materials that use a collagen matrix as a carrier [8,9]. However, the level of collagen addition was considered too high (60 wt.%) in these studies. It is difficult to mass-produce collagen because of its high cost.
Development of biomimetic electrospun polymeric biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. A review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Sugandha Chahal, Anuj Kumar, Fathima Shahitha Jahir Hussian
Historically, fracture repair and total joint replacements are the most frequently used for major orthopedic health issues related to aging population and increasing occurrence of sports-related injuries. The orthopedic surgeons still rely on traditional methods of repair, although experimental techniques are currently being explored, with some of these techniques slowly gaining support from doctors. The conventional bone defects treatments involve bone grafting by using autograft (part of patient’s own bone from hip or ribs), or allograft (organ or tissue from one individual to another of the same species) and fill up the bone defects by surgical procedure. In severe cases of disorder, total joint replacements using prosthetic devices had been a successfully used technique but various shortcomings of this procedure have prompted surgeons and scientists to look for viable alternatives. However, this process has limited applicability due to scarce amount of bone and risk of rejection and disease transfer [41]. Subsequently, the development of various synthetic biomaterials was taken place and had been investigated for bone tissue engineering application. Generally, these biomaterials can be divided into three groups: ceramic, polymeric and composites.