China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Advance Surface Treatments for Enhancing the Biocompatibility of Biomaterials
Published in Savaş Kaya, Sasikumar Yesudass, Srinivasan Arthanari, Sivakumar Bose, Goncagül Serdaroğlu, Materials Development and Processing for Biomedical Applications, 2022
A key component of a biomaterial is biocompatibility. In a particular application, a biocompatible material induces a significant host reaction (i.e., minimal disruption of normal body function). Thus, when it is placed in vivo, the substance does not induce a chromogenic, toxic, or allergic inflammatory reaction. The biocompatibility of a substance is determined by two main factors: the host reactions to the material and the degradation of the material in the body’s environment.
Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels as Functional Vectors for Standardised Therapeutics in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Alexandre Porcello, Alexis Laurent, Nathalie Hirt-Burri, Philippe Abdel-Sayed, Anthony de Buys Roessingh, Wassim Raffoul, Olivier Jordan, Eric Allémann, Lee Ann Applegate
For any type of product registration, adequate preclinical demonstration of safety (i.e. proof that the product is not pyrogenic, mutagenic, toxigenic, genotoxic, hemolytic, or immunogenic) must be provided. For medical devices, biocompatibility (i.e. assessment of cytotoxicity, sensitisation, and irritation/intracutaneous reactivity) and biodistribution must be documented within specific requirements, depending on the device type, category, residence time, and type of use (Huerta-Ángeles et al. 2018). In vitro acute cytotoxicity may be studied using adequate cell lines of cell types, within validated models coherent with the intended application (i.e. homologous with implantation site), and adequate methodology-specific sample preparation (e.g. extract-dilution method, test by direct contact, or indirect contact). Accepted readout methodologies for cytocompatibility testing comprise neutral red uptake (NRU), MTT (methyl thiazolyltetrazolium), XTT, resazurin assay, ATP concentration measurement, crystal violet staining, or DNA content measurement. For further preclinical safety evaluations, in vivo models (e.g. mice, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, sheep) may be considered on an application-dependent basis, for evaluation (i.e. macroscopic description and histopathology) of the tissular response after product application. Such assays need to be devised based on projected product degradation rates, types of tissues exposed, and intended clinical exposure times, and may be used as safety demonstration before clinical testing of efficacy (Huerta-Ángeles et al. 2018).
A Review on Additive Manufacturing Technologies
Published in Pankaj Agarwal, Lokesh Bajpai, Chandra Pal Singh, Kapil Gupta, J. Paulo Davim, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, 2021
Jeet Kumar Sahu, Kushagra Tiwari
Materials used for the fabrication of scaffolds must be biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic. Biocompatibility of material ensures that it does not initiate an inflammatory reaction nor exhibit cytotoxicity when comes in contact with human tissue. Biodegradability of material provides growth of natural tissues with the degradation of scaffold material. Large varieties of materials that are suitable for scaffold fabrication are available. This includes metal alloys of Ti and Mg, biologically active ceramics, composites made up of ceramics and polymers and certain natural and synthetic polymers such as hydrogels, thermoplastic, protein and elastomeric of thermoplastic (Chen et al., 2012).
Effects of microalloying on the microstructure, tribological and electrochemical properties of novel Ti-Mo based biomedical alloys in simulated physiological solution
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2022
Paul S. Nnamchi, A. Younes, Omoniyi A. Fasuba, Camillus Sunday Obayi, Peter O. Offor
The need for biomedical materials has increased in recent years, sparking interest in creating new metallic materials for orthopaedic applications, as well as new advanced production technologies, to fulfil the high standards and needs of an aging populace [1,2]. This is notwithstanding the terribly high number of road traffic accidents and injuries that occur every year during ordinary and intense sporting activities. In the vast majority of these situations, orthopaedic surgery and implantation are required to cure the patients. In these hard tissue substitutes, metallic biomaterials are frequently employed [2]. Finding materials that combine good biocompatibility with lightweight, excellent wear and corrosion resistance, and a reasonable balance of high strength and low elastic modulus is, nevertheless, a major challenge in the development of suitable metallic orthopaedic implants. In spite of the fact that man has invented several metals and alloys, only a few are suitable for use as bio-implant materials because of the possibility of corrosion and/or wear that can result in metal ions, metallic particles and other degradation products entering the patient’s bloodstream [3–5]. The biocompatibility of a biomaterial is mostly determined by two factors: host reactions induced by the biomaterial, and material degradation in the body environment. To satisfy the demands of both patients and surgeons, both factors are crucial and should be taken into consideration.
Preparation and characterization of polyamidoamine dendrimers conjugated with cholesteryl-dipeptide as gene carriers in HeLa cells
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Le Thi Thuy, Minyoung Choi, Minhyung Lee, Joon Sig Choi
Biocompatibility is one of the most crucial features necessary for biomedical application of materials. Therefore, evaluation of the cytotoxicity of polymers is essential to ensure the safety of a material. The toxic effect of the PAMAM G2 derivatives on HeLa cells was determined using the WST-1 assay (Figure 3). As expected, PEI 25 kDa was extremely toxic to cells, due to the high density of the amine groups of PEI 25 kDa, which exhibit a strong affinity towards the cell membranes, leading to membrane disruption. Moreover, the PEI located inside the cell is non-degradable and may aggregate with other organelles, such as the mitochondrial membrane or nuclear membrane, enhancing toxicity. In contrast, the PAMAM G2 dendrimers and their derivatives were found to be safe for HeLa cells. Furthermore, HeLa cells transfected with PAMAM G2 –HR, PAMAM G2-HRChol 6%, and PAMAM G2-HRChol 23% had higher cell viability than those transfected with native PAMAM G2. However, PAMAM G2-HRChol 23% displayed slightly increased cytotoxicity at high concentrations, suggesting that increased cholesterol conjugation affects cellular toxicity. The guanidine group from arginine and the hydrophobicity of cholesterol can cause cell membrane damage due to increased positive charge and hydrophobic interactions at higher concentrations, respectively.
Antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of Ag-coated Ti implants: importance of surface modification parameters
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2022
S. Ahmadiyan, J. Khalil-Allafi, M. R. Etminanfar, M. S. Safavi, M. Hosseini
Titanium and its alloys, including Ti6Al4V and TiNb, benefit from good biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion behaviour, giving the opportunity to be employed in a variety of clinical applications.1–6 As a well-accepted definition, biocompatibility refers to the ability of a material to keep in harmony with cells and tissues. When a biocompatible material is implanted in vivo, there would be no inflammatory and immunity problems so that a body desirably accepts it. There is a broad spectrum of factors, (i) interaction of the synthetic implant with surrounding tissue, (ii) duration that the material remains in the body, (iii) type of the material, and (iv) shape and size of the synthetic implant affecting the biocompatibility of the inserted material.7–16