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Materials for 3D Printing in Medicine
Published in Harish Kumar Banga, Rajesh Kumar, Parveen Kalra, Rajendra M. Belokar, Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications, 2023
Kamal Kishore, Roopak Varshney, Param Singh, Manoj Kumar Sinha
In the twenty-first century, scientists and researchers’ focus is shifted toward the development of biodegradable materials rather than the utilisation of traditional materials such as steel, polymer, etc., for medical applications. It can be achieved either by altering the properties of traditional materials by alloying them or developing a unique multi-material mixture for surface treatment by various coating techniques. Especially for the medical field, biomaterial must have properties such as high biocompatibility with living cells (bioactive glass and hydrogel), ease of manufacturing, high durability and ductility. The biomedical field is patient-specific. Therefore, there is an urgent need to manufacture medical devices, implants, delivery systems, stents, scaffolds, etc., which should be individual-specific (Banga et al., 2014, 2018). AM techniques, at this point, provide an attractive and ultimate solution. The different types of biomaterials with their uses in the biomedical field and corresponding AM techniques used for their fabrication are presented in Table 5.1.
Polymeric Nanocomposites for Artificial Implants
Published in Sefiu Adekunle Bello, Hybrid Polymeric Nanocomposites from Agricultural Waste, 2023
Funsho Olaitan Kolawole, Shola Kolade Kolawole, Felix Adebayo Owa, Chioma Ifeyinwa Madueke, Oluwole Daniel Adigun
Biomaterials may have some level of risk as far as human safety is concerned, and this may be dependent on material type and level of contact with the patient. International Organization of Standardization (ISO 10993-1/EN 30993-1) for biomaterials should be used to prevent toxicity. It is also important to use the recommended steps for biological analysis of prospective biomedical materials consisting of an in vitro assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity [17,18]. Due to the low bio-degradation rates of hydroxyatatite (HA), the addition of beta-tricalcium phosphate aids generation of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) composite, which plays an important role during assisted bone regeneration [19]. Mitri et al. (2012) [19] assessed the cytocompatibility of dense and porous HA and dense and porous BCP by three different cell viability parameters (crystal violet dye elution, XTT, neutral red assay) on human mesenchymal cells. There was not many differences observed between cell density (crystal violet dye elution) and mitochondrial activity (XTT), because dense materials induce a lower level of total viable cells by neutral red assay [19].
Study on Mg-based Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implants and their Corrosion Behaviour: A Review
Published in Purna Chandra Mishra, Muhamad Mat Noor, Anh Tuan Hoang, Advances in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2022
Pradipta Kumar Rout, Dinesh Kumar Rathore, Sudesna Roy
Biomaterials are broadly classified as (i) synthetic, (ii) Nature-derived and (iii) semi-synthetic or hybrid-type biomaterials. Metals, polymers, ceramics and composites are coming under synthetic-type biomaterials. Metallic alloys and metal matrix composites are extensively used in load-bearing applications, namely orthopaedic implants. Metallic alloys such as stainless steel, titanium and cobalt-based alloys are being used as implant materials. Mg-based alloys are a new generation biodegradable material and fetch the attraction of many researchers. Bio-polymers typically are used for non-load bearing applications such as vascular prosthesis, catheters, drug delivery aids, facial prosthesis, intraocular prosthesis, etc. Bio-ceramics are mostly used for orthodontic applications, owing to their high compressive strength and wear resistance properties. However, the materials are brittle and have a high hardness value, which can be considered a major drawback for orthopaedic implants. Alumina, zirconia, bioglass, hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphates are typical examples of this category [8, 9].
Octacalcium phosphate with incorporated carboxylate ions: a review
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Taishi Yokoi, Masaya Shimabukuro, Masakazu Kawashita
Biomaterials science is an important and large research field due to the diversity of these materials. Biomaterials include polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites of these materials [1], and biomaterials science is a discipline that brings together the wisdom of materials science. For example, modern ceramic biomaterials originated with the development of bioactive glass, i.e. glass with bone-bonding properties, by Hench [2]. There was a time when bioactive glass research was active in Japan; however, such research, including glass-ceramic research, is now in decline. Bioactive inorganic/organic hybrid research [3,4] also ended following a temporary boom. On the other hand, research on calcium phosphate-based biomaterials, which began a little later than that on bioactive glass, remains one of the most important fields of ceramic biomaterials research [5], and calcium phosphate compounds have become indispensable in the study of biomaterials, especially ceramic-based biomaterials. Among calcium phosphate compounds, octacalcium phosphate (OCP) has unique properties in that it can incorporate carboxylate ions into its layered crystal structure. Only OCP exhibits such specific crystallographic properties, and we consider that these properties could lead to the development of various materials, including biomaterials. In this review, we will focus on calcium phosphate, particularly OCP with incorporated carboxylate ions, which is expected to be a next-generation material that will allow the flexible design of various functionalities.
Potential of pectin for biomedical applications: a comprehensive review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Nazlı Seray Bostancı, Senem Büyüksungur, Nesrin Hasirci, Ayşen Tezcaner
The main goal of tissue engineering is to repair and restore the function of the damaged tissue by using scaffolds and cells [60]. Biomaterials that are used for tissue engineering scaffolds should be biocompatible, biodegrable and bioactive. Besides, the chosen material must mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) and provide a suitable environment for cells to attach, proliferate and migrate into the matrix in order to help the regeneration of the damaged or diseased tissue [59, 60, 86, 87]. In addition, the scaffold should meet physiological and physicochemical characteristics of the host tissue such as mechanical stability and biological activity [88]. Natural polymers such as polysaccharides and proteins have the advantage of close resemblance to the living tissue over synthetic polymers. Pectin as a polysaccharide has structural similarities with the glucosaminoglycans (GAG) in the ECM of mammalian cells which provide inter- and intracellular communications and therefore is a preferable material in preparation of the scaffolds for tissue engineering applications [60, 89, 90]. There are currently many scaffolds based on pectin in different compositions and physical forms (sponge, electrospun fiber, hydrogel, 3D printed structures, etc.) used for this purpose (Figure 4). In the following sections, pectin-based applications in bone, skin and cartilage tissue engineering will be covered (Table 4).
Analytical review on the biocompatibility of surface-treated Ti-alloys for joint replacement applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Several implant materials have been employed in different orthopedic applications in medical science. Common biomaterials include metal alloys, ceramics, and polymers for a particular application. Among all, the most popular biomaterials are Ti alloys. Ti-based biomaterials are the main research focus in the medical field as bone implant materials, providing high strength and good biocompatibility. Therefore, new research modifications in orthopedic applications, like joint prostheses and internal fixations, would be achieved by the chemical modification of Ti alloys. This paper reviews the Ti alloys in orthopedic applications, such as total joint replacement, and their advantages and limitations. Its physical, chemical and biological properties are studied as orthopedic implants to guarantee safe and effective use. Ti-alloys’ biocompatibility is mainly achieved by enhanced corrosion resistance, improved cell growth, and good implant-bone integration. For proper biocompatibility measurement of Ti-alloys, it is essential to achieve good corrosion resistance by surface treatment. Many surface treatment investigations have been performed in the last few years. Compared to other metals, Ti alloys have an excellent elastic modulus that meets the requirement for joint replacements, such as total hip replacement.