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Ethical Issues and Considerations of Big Data
Published in Kuan-Ching Li, Beniamino DiMartino, Laurence T. Yang, Qingchen Zhang, Smart Data, 2019
Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept which allows disparate electronic devices to perform data transfer. For example, the heart rate of a person can be monitored wirelessly by a mobile pacemaker and the data can be sent to the doctor and hospital for further diagnosis and action (Tarakji, Vives, Patel, Fagan, Sims, & Varma, 2018). Another example is that some smartphone applications can sense your location and physical movement (Chan et al., 2018). RunKeeper app collects the data for your use or for your doctor’s perusal during physical checkup or emergency. With the wide spread of Internet access hot spots, IoT is becoming a major part of human life (Porambage,Ylianttila, Schmitt, Kumar, Gurtov, & Vasilakos, 2016). Mario Morales estimated that the revenue opportunity through IoT will become a $4 trillion-dollar industry by 2020 (Gonzalez, 2015).
Internet of Things in Healthcare Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Network (WIBSNs)
Published in Huynh Thi Thanh Binh, Nilanjan Dey, Soft Computing in Wireless Sensor Networks, 2018
Anu Rathee, T. Poongodi, Monika Yadav, Balamurugan Balusamy
In the beginning of 21st century, no one could have predicted the huge impact of the Internet and the IoT in our daily lives. Nowadays, IoT is recognized as the new revolution of the Internet and the practice of IoT has been improved drastically in various circumstances. IoT links different objects to the Internet, which enable data and insights that have never existed before. An IoT device is a computing device that connects objects wirelessly to a network and provides the ability to transmit data; these are viewed as the things in the Internet of Things. A huge number of entities are physically interconnected with the Internet in IoT–based infrastructure which enables easy connectivity and effective communications. The embedded technology in the objects assists them to communicate internally as well as externally, which in turn helps to make further decisions. The “things” in the IoT [1–3] could be a human with a heart monitor or an automobile with built-in sensors, i.e., objects that have been allotted an IP address. Those objects are capable of collecting and transferring data over a network without any human intervention or assistance. A pacemaker is a device which can be fitted in the chest or abdomen and it is used to manage the heart with some abnormal rhythms. The functioning of Internet of Things is inevitable in many areas such as agriculture, industry, education, smart cities, healthcare, etc.
Electrical stimulation of cells derived from muscle
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
Anita F. Quigley, Justin L. Bourke, Robert M. I. Kapsa
There has been some investigation into the mechanisms by which this effect is mediated at the macroscopic level. Electrical stimulation has been shown to influence myofiber distribution and type (Windisch et al. 1998; Bergh et al. 2010), as well improve or increase the capillary density and blood flow in muscle tissues (Hudlicka et al. 1994; Mathieu-Costello et al. 1996). These changes are reminiscent of changes seen with exercise training and electrical stimulation has been shown to elicit positive effects in critically ill patients (Karatzanos et al. 2012; Routsi et al. 2010; Vivodtzev et al. 2012; Banerjee 2010). These changes at the macroscopic level point to cellular and molecular responses that underlie muscle adaption to increased “exercise loading” mediated by electrical stimulation. In the case of muscle atrophy, it is thought that use of the muscle, through artificial means, prevents changes associated with disuse. The cardiac pacemaker, one of the best-known bionic devices, was developed to provide electrical stimulation directly to the cardiac muscle in order to maintain appropriate function. Pacemaker cells are responsible for coordinating cardiac contraction; however, in a number of patients with conduction defects (and other cardiac defects), this role needs to be fulfilled artificially. The pacemaker uses electrical stimulation to promote timed contraction of cardiac muscle, regulating the beating of the heart. In contrast to the use of EMS in skeletal muscle, the pacemaker is used to regulate normal function rather than to provide a therapeutic function.
Semi-quantitative methodology to assess health and safety risks arising from exposure to electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz in workplaces according to Italian regulations
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
For wearers of AIMDs, the technical Standard No. 50527-1:2016 [50] establishes that the assessment of compliance with the RLs of Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC [31] should be carried out without including any time average for frequencies above 100 kHz, for the purpose of preventing possible indirect effects of EMF interference with the normal operation of the devices. In relation to exposure to static magnetic fields, most cardiac pacemakers are unlikely to be disturbed in fields below the AL of 0.5 mT referred to in Directive 2013/35/EU [32]. Therefore, workers bearing AIMDs must not enter places where the magnetic flux density for static magnetic fields is greater than 0.5 mT. The same considerations apply to medical devices worn on the body that should be assimilated to AIMDs for the purpose of EMF risk assessment [34,44].
An FPGA-based design for power efficient low delay rate adaptive pacemaker using accelerometer and heart rate sensor
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Rohini Srivastava, Ch Kalyan Kumar Prusty, Nitin Sahai, Ravi Prakash Tewari, Basant Kumar
An increasing rate of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) causing untimely deaths, has made pacemaker technology as one of the most prioritised focal point of the recent technological developments [1–3]. Pacemakers are used to treat arrhythmias by generating electric pulses to set natural pacing for the heart, maintain the standardised heart rate by transferring controlled, rhythmic electrical stimuli to the cardiac chambers, and prevent humans from bradycardia condition [4–6]. Various types of implantable pacemakers are available in market, such as fixed rate pacemaker, demand pacemaker, dual chamber pacemaker, rate adaptive pacemaker, Micra pacemaker, etc. [7,8]. Nowadays, pacemaker is the most commonly used active implantable device in the market due to large number of bradycardiac patients. Although pacemaker is not a permanent cure for several CVDs; however, it provides near normal life functionality to patients by improving quality of life. Since implantable devices are used for life threatening diseases, its design has several challenging factors such as: power consumption, rate adaptation, delay and data transmission with external programmer. Pacemakers (except leadless pacemaker) generally use lithium iodide battery which needs to be change in every 10–15 years’ span. The power is consumed by the internal circuitry and components of the pacemaker such as: pulse generator, sensors, data transmission, leads, etc. [9].
Leadless cardiac pacing systems: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Niek E. G. Beurskens, Karel T. N. Breeman, Kosse J. Dasselaar, A. Chris Meijer, Anne-Floor B. E. Quast, Fleur V. Y. Tjong, Reinoud E. Knops
Permanent pacemaker therapy remains a necessary treatment in patients with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. The number of patients globally undergoing pacemaker implantation has increased steadily up to a current annual implant rate of ~1 million devices [1,2]. The implantation rate continues to expand due to an aging population [3]. Pacing therapy results in health-related quality of life improvements and ameliorates prognosis in second-degree type II or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block [4,5]. Conventional transvenous pacemaker therapy is associated with a concomitant significant risk of complications, which are primarily lead- or pocket-related. Large nationwide multicenter cohort studies conducted in Denmark and the Netherlands demonstrated short-term transvenous pacemaker-related complication rates in 9.5% to 12.6% of patients. Lead-related interventions are the most frequently reported complications followed by pocket hematoma and pneumothorax. Long-term complications occur in an additional 9.2% of patients and consist mainly of lead dislodgment, stimulation threshold problems or discomfort of the pacemaker or pocket. Infection of a permanent implanted pacemaker is uncommon but is considered a serious complication and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Current guidelines recommend complete hardware removal to mitigate the risk for severe systemic infection and infective endocarditis [6–8].