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Action of Probiotic Microorganisms on Mycotoxin Decontamination in Milk and Milk Products
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
Katia Francine Wochner, Tânia Aparecida Becker-Algeri, Eliane Colla, Deisy Alessandra Drunkler
Few research articles show the incidence of other mycotoxins in milk and derivatives, and unlike AFM1 there is no legislation for them. Gazzoti et al. (2009); and Coffey et al. (2009) analyzed the mycotoxin FB1 presence in milk, finding a mean level of 0.26 and 0.36 μg per L, respectively, which, even at low concentrations, is worrisome, since the coexistence of fumonisin and aflatoxin-mycotoxins could have toxicological effects and synergistic carcinogens (Gelderblom et al., 2002). In Italy, Pattono et al. (2011) found the incidence of mycotoxin OTA in samples of fluid milk produced in organic farms, ranging between 0.07 and 0.110 µg L–1. Pattono et al. (2013) analyzed the OTA mycotoxin in traditional cheeses produced with raw milk, where six samples were contaminated with a concentration of between 18.4 and 146.0 µg L–1 on the inside and between 1.0 and 262.2 µg L–1 on the outside. OTA is mainly linked with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) which is a fatal human renal syndrome (Bennet and Klich, 2003). Moreover, when associated to AFM1, it presents a high level of toxicity in human cells (Tavares et al., 2013). Huang et al. (2014) detected mycotoxins ZEA, α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), and OTA, with their respective mean concentrations 0.014, 0.024, and 0.056 μg per L in raw milk; 0.025, 0.036, and 0.026 μg per L, respectively, in pasteurized milk; and 0.011, 0.043, and 0.027 μg per L, respectively, in milk powder samples collected from various milk farms and supermarkets in Beijing (China) reinforcing the problem of the occurrence of other mycotoxins in milk and dairy products.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
The cancers associated with a weight-loss regimen of herbal ingredients that contained aristolochic acids directly relate to the mechanism of action of these acids. The toxicity of aristolochic acids I and II has been inferred from effects seen in patients diagnosed with kidney nephropathy after the use of herbal mixtures containing Aristolochia species, which led to rapidly progressive fibrosing interstitial nephritis. The same aristolochic acid-specific DNA adducts identified in experimental animals exposed to aristolochic acid or herbal products containing aristolochic acid were also found in urothelial tissue of aristolochic-acid nephropathy patients, in renal tissue from Balkan endemic nephropathy patients, and in tumor tissue from residents of endemic villages.