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Bio-Based Materials for Food Packaging Applications
Published in Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar, Kishor Kumar, Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications, 2023
Purnima Justa, Hemant Kumar, Sujeet Kumar Chaurasia, Adesh Kumar, Balaram Pani, Pramod Kumar
Some bacteria (e.g. acetic acid bacteria) can also produce cellulose by undergoing oxidative fermentation in both synthetic and non-synthetic media. This could be used as an alternative source of cellulose without causing much harm to the environment. The bacterial cellulose (BC) exhibits an intense degree of polymerization, high water retaining capacity, good mechanical strength, and high crystallinity. High purity, in situ secretion of colour and flavour, distinct shape-forming ability, and nanoscale range are certain pros of BC compared to that of other dietary fibres. Thus, it finds application as a raw material for food and is used as a thickening, stabilizing, gelling, and suspending agent. It can also make food ingredients that are minimal in calories and cholesterol (Shi et al. 2014). BC nanofibrils incorporating protein zein nanoparticles forming multifunctional nanocomposites with improved tensile strength, biocompatibility, and thermal properties were also obtained, having sustainable food applications (Li, Gao, et al. 2020). Blends of BC with other synthetic or natural biodegradable polymers help in handling certain limitations, i.e. poor mechanical strength, antimicrobial, and barrier properties of these polymers, thus uplifting their food packaging applications (Haghighi et al. 2021, Fabra et al. 2016, Albuquerque et al. 2021).
Bionanomaterials and Their Recent Advancements in Tissue Engineering Applications
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Ponnusamy Arulpriya, Thangavel Krishnaveni, Krishnasamy Lakshmi, Krishna Kadirvelu
Cellulose-based nanomaterials, owing to their huge availability, structural and mechanical properties, capability to self-assemble in network structures, low cytotoxicity and biocompatibility (Abdul Khalil et al., 2015; Roman, 2015; Shatkin et al., 2015; Moon et al., 2016), are candidates for biomedical applications, especially tissue engineering, healing (bones, skin) and medical implants (Lin et al., 2014). Cellulose can be classified into three categories: (i) bacterial cellulose, (ii) cellulose nanofibrils and (iii) cellulose nanocrystals (Lin et al., 2014). Bacterial-based cellulose materials are repeatedly used for vascular establishment (Schumann et al., 2009). Bacterial cellulose reveals remarkable strength with the capability to be engineered at micro-, nano- and macroscales (Klemm et al., 2001). It is also used for the combination of nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
Bioprocessing of Agrofood Industrial Wastes for the Production of Bacterial Exopolysaccharide
Published in V. Sivasubramanian, Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment, 2018
J. Kanimozhi, V. Sivasubramanian, Anant Achary, M. Vasanthi, Steffy P. Vinson, R. Sivashankar
Bacterial cellulose (BC) exemplifies a promising alternative to plant-derived cellulose for specific applications in biomedicine, cosmetics, high-end acoustic diaphragms, paper-making, the food industry, and other applications. Cellulose from plants is normally mixed with lignin and hemicelluloses; however, BC contains sets of parallel chains composed of d-glucopyranose units interlinked by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and is identical in chemical composition to plant cellulose. BC displays many unusual physicochemical and mechanical properties, including higher purity, higher crystallinity, higher degree of polymerization, and higher water absorbing and holding capacity (Mohammadkazemi et al. 2015). BC is found in gram-negative bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus, Agrobacterium, Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium as well as gram-positive bacteria such as Sarcina. G. Xylinus is one of the most commonly used and studied bacterial species in the production of BC.
Synthesis of cellulosic and nano-cellulosic aerogel from lignocellulosic materials for diverse sustainable applications: a review
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Anisha Ganguly, Soma Nag, Kalyan Gayen
Types of cellulosic aerogel can be classified into three broad groups based on the raw materials used: (i) plant-based cellulosic aerogel, (ii) bacterial cellulosic aerogel, and (iii) hybrid aerogel. The plant-based raw materials were treated with acids/alkali for removal of hemicellulose and lignin followed by bleaching to remove color materials resulting in white extracted cellulose. The extracted cellulose can further be treated with chemicals for the modification of its physical structure. Bacterial cellulose is produced through the fermentation process using microorganisms. These extracted/bacterial celluloses are used for the synthesis of cellulosic aerogel. Hybrid aerogels are prepared using two or more types of raw materials (organic or inorganic) where at least one raw material used was cellulose.
Prospects on utilization of biopolymer materials for ion exchange membranes in fuel cells
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Angelo Jacob Samaniego, Richard Espiritu
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly crystalline extracellular matrix made by multiple types of bacteria including those from the genera Gluconacetobacter and Komagateibacter, with high-yield species such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus (also known as Acetobacter xylinum and Komagataeibacter xylinus) exhibiting promising potential for use in industrial scale production (40–42). The nanofibrillar 3D structure is 100 times thinner than plant cellulose while having higher tensile strength, crystallinity index, and water holding capacity (43). It is also favored for its high purity, wherein lignin and hemicellulose typically found in plant cellulose are absent (44). The reactive hydroxyl groups present in the cellulose structure allow for chemical modifications such as attachment of functionalized groups which enable ionic conduction.
Fabrication and characterization of novel bacterial cellulose/alginate/gelatin biocomposite film
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Nadda Chiaoprakobkij, Sutasinee Seetabhawang, Neeracha Sanchavanakit, Muenduen Phisalaphong
Polysaccharide-based films are considered potentially promising materials for biomedical applications because they are nontoxic and biocompatible, and their degradation products are also nontoxic. Currently, many experimental and clinical studies are being carried out to develop biopolymeric films for wound dressing and dermal treatment. Bacterial cellulose (BC) exhibits many advantageous properties including high water uptake capacity, high crystallinity, and an ultrafine nanofibril network structure [1]. BC also presents great mechanical stability, which is essential for biomedical applications. Alginate derived from brown algae is also used as one of base biomaterials because of its adhesiveness, gelling, transparency, biocompatibility, and rapid ionic gelation properties with divalent cations, which are useful for biofabrication strategies [2]. The factor that may limit the potential use of BC and alginate in biomedical application is the absence of RGD cell-binding peptide. This limitation can be overcome by incorporating protein molecules. Such modification could further enhance biocompatibility to meet the specific requirements for biomedical applications. Recent advances in the modification of alginate based hydrogel have been studied, including photo thermal activity, catalysis, target drug delivery, drug degradation, removal of aquatic pollutant and bio-sensing. Alginate hydrogel integrated with nano-particles could increase hydrogel mechanical properties, modulus and adsorption behavior [3]. Wróblewska-Krepsztul et al. [4] summarized the recent advances emphasizing the usage of alginate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.