China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Thermoregulation in the Presence of Microwave Fields
Published in Charles Polk, Elliot Postow, CRC Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2019
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is defined as the heat production of a human in a thcrmoneutral environment (33°C), at rest mentally and physically, at a time exceeding 12 hr from the last meal. The standard BMR for man is 250 ml O2 per minute, or 84 W or 0.8 MET (where 1 MET = 58.2 W/m2)+. The BMR also corresponds to ~1.2 W/kg for a 70-kg "standard" man. The BMR is altered by changes in active body mass, diet, and endocrine levels, but probably not by living in the heat.17 In resting man, most of the heat is generated in the core of the body — the trunk, viscera, and brain — despite the fact that these regions represent only about one third of the total body mass. This heat is conducted to the other body tissues and its elimination from the body is controlled by the peripheral vasomotor system. The range of M for humans, considering work performed and assorted physiological variables such as age, sex, and size, is roughly 40 to 800 W/m2 (1 to 21 W/ kg for "standard" man) depending on physical fitness and level of activity. If deep body temperature is altered, either from heat storage in warm environments or febrile disease, there is a comparable change in M.18 Similar changes occur when deep body temperature rises during exposure to RF/EM radiation.19
Kinetics in Linear Motion
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Recall that humans generate power by doing things in their life. In order to estimate your caloric expenditure, you should know about your basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR). The BMR represents the minimal rate of metabolism in an individual at complete rest, at normal body temperature when one is not consuming food. There are many different formulas; however, here is a most used formula. The BMR is expressed as hourly values of heat production per meter squared per hour rate.
Work Capacity, Stress, Fatigue, and Recovery
Published in R. S. Bridger, Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2017
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy consumption necessary to maintain life. Individuals differ in their BMR. It is about twice as high in a child than in an adult. The decrease in BMR with age is one of the reasons for adult “middle-age spread.” The BMR can drop by about 20% in chronically malnourished individuals.
Development of alternatives to estimate resting metabolic rate from anthropometric variables in paralympic swimmers
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Carlos Abraham Herrera-Amante, César Octavio Ramos-García, Fernando Alacid, Luis Aaron Quiroga-Morales, Adrián Jacob Martínez-Rubio, Diego A. Bonilla
One of the most representative components of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The BMR is defined as the amount of energy consumed by an individual in post-absorptive conditions (10–12 hours after the last meal), in a thermo-neutral environment, during the first hours of the morning after a night of deep sleep (energy cost of arousal), in complete rest, in a bed (supine position) or a sofa (sedent position) (Harris & Benedict, 1919; Henry, 2005; Ravussin & Bogardus, 1989). Due to the conditions necessary for the BMR measurement, nowadays, its clinical application is limited. Currently, instead of BMR, the resting metabolic rate (RMR), also called resting energy expenditure (REE), is measured. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are similar and only differ in that BMR is usually measured in the morning, after an overnight fast, with no exercise for the previous 24 h, free from emotional stress, with the subject familiarised with the apparatus, and completely rested (Henry, 2005). In order to control the influences of the thermic effect of food (TEF) and the anxiety levels on the RMR, it is recommended to measure this variable with a minimum of 5 hours after meals or snacks (Compher et al., 2006) and become acquainted with the calorimetry measurement equipment. Some studies have reported the RMR to be ~10% higher than the BMR (Hipskind et al., 2011; Horton, 1983; Pavlidou et al., 2018).
Body composition, metabolism, sleep, psychological and eating patterns of overtraining syndrome: Results of the EROS study (EROS-PROFILE)
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Flavio A. Cadegiani, Claudio E. Kater
On another day, which was previously scheduled and after at least 24 hours of the last exercise (for OTS and ATL), we performed analysis of body composition using a gold-standard air-displacement pletimosgraph (Bod Pod, CosMed, USA) (Fields, Goran, & McCrory, 2002; Tseh, Caputo, & Keefer, 2010) for evaluation of body fat in terms of weight (kg) and percentage (%), and a validated and standardized electrical bioimpedance scale (InBody770, Biospace, South Korea) for evaluation of muscle mass (kg), percentage of lean mass (%), visceral fat (%), body water (litres), percentage of body water (%), and percentage of extracellular water (%). InBody770 has been validated for visceral fat and body water (Fields et al., 2002; Jaffrin & Morel, 2008; Lyons, Bischoff, Fonarow, & Horwich, 2017; Ogawa, Fujitani, & Tsujinaka, 2011; Thanakitcharu & Jirajan, 2014). For waist, chest, and biceps measurements, a standardized and highly accurate pro-body-scanner and software was employed (Styku, USA). Then, an indirect calorimetry (Spirostik, Geratherm Respiratory, Germany) was performed to evaluate basal metabolic rate (BMR) (kcal/day), as well as the ratio between measured and predicted BMR (%).