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Usage of Additive Manufacturing in Customised Bone Tissue-Engineering Scaffold
Published in Harish Kumar Banga, Rajesh Kumar, Parveen Kalra, Rajendra M. Belokar, Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications, 2023
Additive manufacturing 3D technology finds numerous applications in orthopaedics for making surgical instruments, anatomical and simulation models for mock surgeries, splints, implants, orthosis and custom-fit prostheses. They aid by enhancing the surgeon’s accessibility, his tactile and visual understanding, reducing the operating time and giving the patient a perfectly fitted implant (Bagaria & Chaudhary, 2017; Lal & Patralekh, 2018). Complex shapes in nylon, metals and polymers can be reproduced to meet the structural and functional requirements. The material properties can be changed to make the prosthesis or implant lightweight. Artificial bone created by layer to layer fabrication has elastic properties and strength relatively similar to natural bone. Zou et al. from their study on the precision and reliability of 3D-printed models regarding anatomical parameters like the height of bone made using stereolithography techniques concluded that 3D-printed models are reliable and precise when used for the treatment of complex orthopaedic deformities (Zou et al., 2018).
Craniofacial Regeneration—Bone
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Laura Guadalupe Hernandez, Lucia Pérez Sánchez, Rafael Hernández González, Janeth Serrano-Bello
Artificial bone can be created from ceramics such as calcium phosphates, bioglass and calcium sulfate that are biologically active depending on solubility in the physiological environment. The varying nature of this graft material (porosity, geometries, differing solubilities and densities) will determine the resorption of calcium phosphate-based graft materials, bioceramics are neither osteogenic nor osteoinductive, but work by creating an osteoconductive scaffold to promote osteosynthesis. Today there are four main types of bioceramics available: calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate and coralline hydroxyapatite; composite bioceramics use a combination of these types to provide materials with improved properties (Kumar et al. 2013; Martin and Bettencourt 2018; Fillingham and Jacobs 2016).
Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Published in Kun Zhou, Carbon Nanomaterials, 2020
Hong Wu, Qianli Huang, Yanni Tan
Bone tissue engineering refers to the implantation of osteoblasts on a kind of natural or artificial scaffold and then implantation of this kind of hybrid material into the bone defect site. With the gradual degradation of the biological material, the bone cells implanted continuously proliferate, so as to achieve the goal of repairing bone tissue defects. Over the past few years, artificial bone has been developed for bone repair to achieve functional reconstruction of the defect and even bone regeneration. To achieve biocompatibility, the first-generation bioinert materials have been developed, including biomedical metallic materials, bioinert ceramic materials, and organic polymer materials. After that, the second-generation materials with bioactivity or biodegradability are bioactive ceramic materials and biodegradable polymer materials [5]. However, the first- and second-generation artificial bone materials can only be used as functional substitutes and cannot be employed for the repair and regeneration of bone. More importantly, they cannot respond to physiological changes and chemical stimulations. With the rapid development of molecular biology, cell biology, and manufacturing technology, researchers have begun to explore the related mechanism of life science and build new artificial bone repair and regenerative substitutes with in vitro biological functions [6].
Ionic liquid as a potential solvent for preparation of collagen-alginate-hydroxyapatite beads as bone filler
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Bushra Iqbal, Zenab Sarfaraz, Nawshad Muhammad, Pervaiz Ahmad, Jibran Iqbal, Zia Ul Haq Khan, Girma Gonfa, Farasat Iqbal, Arshad Jamal, Abdur Rahim
The discovery of artificial bone substitutes has proved to be a promising alternative with the use of various materials like metals, ceramics and polymers to reinstate bony defects and structures. However, the drawbacks including infection, material dislodgement and fracture still exist and hence, the quest for superior biomaterials continues [3]. The current niche area of research is based on bone regeneration which employs use of several biomaterials, which may be tissue engineered with stem cells, biological molecules like growth factors and proteins [4]. These biodegradable materials, functioning as bone fillers, offer potential results as they would provide mechanical support and structural integrity to the bony defects. They would eventually be replaced by newly formed bone tissues thus restoring the natural architecture of bone [3].