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Medical Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Tissue transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same individual is called an autograft or autotransplant. A common example is when a piece of bone (usually from the hip) is removed and ground into a paste when reconstructing another portion of bone. This is sometimes done with surplus tissue, or tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (such as skin grafts). In orthopedic medicine, a bone graft can be sourced from a patient’s own bone in order to fill space and produce an osteogenic response in a bone defect. However, because of the donor-site morbidity associated with autografts, other methods such as bone allograft and bone morphogenetic proteins and synthetic graft materials are often used as alternatives. Autografts have long been considered the “gold standard” in oral surgery and implant dentistry, because they offered the best regeneration results. Lately, the introduction of morphogen-enhanced bone graft substitutes has shown similar success rates and quality of regeneration. However, their price is still very high. Sometimes, an autograft is done to remove the tissue and then treat it or the person before returning it (examples include stem cell (Figure 9.7) autograft and storing blood in advance of surgery).
Medical biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Tissue transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same individual is called an autograft or autotransplant. A common example is when a piece of bone (usually from the hip) is removed and ground into a paste when reconstructing another portion of bone. This is sometimes done with surplus tissue, or tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (such as skin grafts). In orthopedic medicine, a bone graft can be sourced from a patient’s own bone in order to fill space and produce an osteogenic response in a bone defect. However, due to the donor-site morbidity associated with auto-grafts, other methods such as bone allograft and bone morphogenetic proteins and synthetic graft materials are often used as alternatives. Autografts have long been considered the “gold standard” in oral surgery and implant dentistry, because they offered the best regeneration results. Lately, the introduction of morphogen-enhanced bone graft substitutes has shown similar success rates and quality of regeneration. However, their price is still very high. Sometimes, an autograft is done to remove the tissue and then treat it or the person before returning it (examples include stem cell autograft and storing blood in advance of surgery).
Scaffolds for 3D Model Systems in Bone Regenerative Engineering
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Keshia Ashe, Seth Malinowski, Yusuf Khan, Cato T. Laurencin
Bone graft implantation is a surgical procedure that is performed to provide mechanical support, enhance tissue repair, and fill voids in skeletal defects that may result from traumatic injury or after tumor resection. Ideally, a bone graft should impart appropriate mechanical strength to support the defect site while providing an osteoconductive surface that facilitates cellular attachment, migration, and tissue remodeling for the eventual replacement of the implanted graft by host tissue. While autografts, allografts, and bone graft substitutes are clinical tools currently used to treat patients suffering from bone loss, advanced grafting materials are under constant development and now include a wider variety of materials and applications. Increased demands for grafting procedures, improvements in associated technologies, and advancements in biological understanding of bone formation and repair continue to fuel the investigation of ever more improved grafting methods.
Highly resilient porous polyurethane composite scaffolds filled with whitlockite for bone tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Jingjing Du, Yang Zhang, Jiaqi Wang, Mengjie Xu, Miao Qin, Xiumei Zhang, Di Huang
Although autogenous bone graft is remain considered gold standard for repairing bone defects, some deficiencies including shortage of bone donors, infection risk and complex operation procedures limit its application [1,2]. Allogenous bone graft also has potential risk of immune reactions. In this context, artificial biomaterial-based grafts have emerged as an attractive alternative. Inspired by the chemical components and three-dimensional structures of natural bone tissue, there have been many attempts to develop composite materials to substitute the structure and function of natural bone [3]. The natural bone tissue is composed of organic matrix (collagenous fiber, etc.) and inorganic mineral (mainly calcium phosphate) [4]. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and whitlockite (WH) are different calcium phosphate phases. Also, HA and WH are the main inorganic constituents in human bone tissues. These inorganic constituents take part in the bone mineralization and demineralization processes [5,6]. Till now, HA is widely used for bone repair applications, but WH has rarely been investigated and applied for bone repair materials because of preparation difficulties, that is to say, the positive functions of WH on bone cells/tissues are still not fully clear [7,8]. According to previous studies, WH has a superior property compared to HAP owing to higher stability in acidic bone remodeling conditions, faster ion release and better protein adsorption [9]. However, WH is quite underrated as implants for bone tissue engineering.
An overview of translational research in bone graft biomaterials
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Vijay Shankar Kumawat, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
Bone grafts are implantable biomaterials that support and promote bone healing in tissue regeneration and augmentation [35]. These graft materials are usually characterised by four properties namely, osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osteointegration [70]. The ability of a bone transplant to make new bone tissues by promoting osteogenic-precursor cells present in either the graft material or the recipient bone is referred to as osteogenesis. The ability to recruit multipotent-mesenchymal cells from surrounding host bone tissue and promote them to differentiate as osteoblasts is referred to as osteoinduction [71,72]. Osteoconduction describes the ability of a bone graft to act as a permanent and resorbable graft to facilitate bone ingrowth over its surface, within its extracellular matrix, or both. The capacity to chemically connect to the surface of bone in the lack of an intermediate layer of fibrous connective tissue is referred to as osteointegration [72,73]. Bone grafts are usually categorised into two major groups namely: natural bone grafts and synthetic bone grafts.
Comparative review of piezoelectric biomaterials approach for bone tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Ali Samadi, Mohammad Amin Salati, Amin Safari, Maryam Jouyandeh, Mahmood Barani, Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan, Elias Ghaleh Golab, Payam Zarrintaj, Saptarshi Kar, Farzad Seidi, Aleksander Hejna, Mohammad Reza Saeb
Accidents sometimes cause irreparable damage to human beings. However, some injuries in some tissues of the body can be self-repaired or self-healed, such as the peripheral nervous system [1], cartilage tissue [2], muscles [3], and bones [4]. Bones are one of the most important tissues in the body, which are responsible for helping the motor organs and protecting the body’s internal organs, such as the heart, lungs, etc. [5]. Bone damages can be happed by different problems such as accident and disease which the proper bone regeneration in severe damages remain a challenging issue [6,7]. Bone fractures include a variety of bone injuries. Bone fractures are classified into different types and conditions, such as osteoporosis, stress fracture, or gunshot fracture [8–10]. Since the bone tissue cannot repair severe bone fractures and damages, bone grafts have been used widely in bone repair. Although bone grafts have some disadvantages such as disease transmission, high cost, donor site morbidity, and unavailability [11].