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Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Chondroitin sulfate is a natural polymer that belongs to the glycosaminoglycans family of macromolecules with a high molecular weight (10,000–50,000 Da) that is a component of cartilage and connective tissue (Maccari et al., 2010; Konovalova et al., 2019; EC Huskisson, 2008). Glycosaminoglycans are polysaccharide molecules that are polymers of disaccharide units made up of various monosaccharides. The structure of glycosaminoglycan compounds, which is frequently dominated by disaccharide compounds, is more stressed in their categorization (Wikanta et al., 2002). There are several kinds of glycosaminoglycans, which are typically classified into four categories: (1) hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan, (2) keratan sulfate, (3) heparan sulfate/heparin and (4) chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (Krichen et al., 2018).
Biodegradability and Biocompatibility of Natural Polymers
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
Abul K. Mallik, Md Shahruzzaman, Md Sazedul Islam, Papia Haque, Mohammed Mizanur Rahman
Chondroitin sulfate is an unbranched polysaccharide that is normally found in cartilage around joints in the body, synovial fluid, bone, and heart valves. When these polysaccharides are covalently linked to a protein core, proteoglycans is formed (Pieper et al., 1999). Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan consists of two alternating monosaccharides, D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl galactosamine at either 4- or 6-positions. It is commercially available in USA and Europe market as a nutritional supplement. CS together with glucosamine is used as dietary supplement for the treatment of osteoarthritis. It is also used as skin substitute for treating burns (Lee et al., 2005). However, soluble nature of CS in water restricts its biomedical application as like drug delivery.
Applications of Marine Biochemical Pathways to Develop Bioactive and Functional Products
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toni-Ann Benjamin, Imran Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine are sometimes consumed in combination, usually as nutraceuticals, for the treatment of osteoarthritis to eliminate pain and inflammation, as well as in food, cosmetic, and clinical industries (Ibanez-Sanz et al., 2020; Suleria et al., 2015). They are common, cost-effective nutritional supplements with chondroprotective properties used to improve joint health in elderly patients. Laboratory and animal studies have shown that glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate may be effective in preserving cartilage in the early stages of idiopathic osteoarthritis. However, those findings do not correlate with clinical level I studies, and more research in this area is needed (Vasiliadis & Tsikopoulous, 2017).
Green in the deep blue: deep eutectic solvents as versatile systems for the processing of marine biomass
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Colin McReynolds, Amandine Adrien, Natalia Castejon, Susana C. M. Fernandes
Chondroitin sulfate is a polysaccharide of the glycosaminoglycan family, made up of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine linked by β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds and sulfated in different carbon positions. It is an essential component of an extracellular matrix of connective tissues, which plays a central role in diverse biological processes (114). It is commonly extracted from both terrestrial and marine sources, composition and concentration depending on organism and tissue. Uses of chondroitin sulfate are predominantly centered around medical/nutraceutical use as treatment for osteoarthritis (115) although new uses are emerging for tissue engineering (116). Classically, shark and ray fins have been the most commonly used to produce these molecules, although stock management is problematic for the long-term sustainability of these sources (117).
Application of electrospun nanofibers in bone, cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Huixiu Ding, Yizhu Cheng, Xiaolian Niu, Yinchun Hu
Chondroitin sulfate (CHS) is a glycosaminoglycan naturally found in cartilage and participates in many chondrocyte signaling pathways [109]. CHS has many important biological functions such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and immune regulation [110]. Lrani et al. used electrospinning equipment to prepare PVA/GEL/CHS composite fibers with different concentrations of CHS (10%, 15%, 20%). The results showed that the composite scaffold with a CHS concentration of 15% had the best cell compatibility, and after 21 days of MSCs cultured on the 15% CHS scaffold, the expression of type II COL could be found. However, when proving that the composite scaffold could be used for cartilage tissue engineering, no mechanical tests were performed [111].