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Methods for Evaluating Articular Cartilage Quality
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
MRI is growing in importance as a noninvasive, diagnostic tool to determine early articular cartilage damage that cannot be imaged using routine radiographic methods (Figure 5.3). MRI is often used to assess joint space narrowing or changes in articular cartilage thickness, as well as changes in articular cartilage hydration, features indicative of various stages and types of pathology. Correlations of MRI-based assessment to arthroscopic, histological, and quantitative characteristics vary with the tissues and injuries imaged and with the experience level of the person interpreting the images. MRI has also been used to assess transplants of native cartilage and of engineered articular cartilage in a nondestructive manner (Zalewski et al. 2008; Juras et al. 2009b; Neu et al. 2009).
High strength polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid (PVA/PAA) hydrogel fabricated by Cold-Drawn method for cartilage tissue substitutes
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Yizhu Cheng, Yinchun Hu, Mengjie Xu, Miao Qin, Weiwei Lan, Di Huang, Yan Wei, Weiyi Chen
Articular cartilage is a connective tissue covering the ends of long bones in diarthrodial joints, composed by a gradient layer structure from the superficial smooth and dense zone to the porous calcification deep zone. The articular cartilage provides one of the most effective aqueous lubrication systems with both high-load and low-friction characteristics [1–5]. Due to the avascular nature and lack of self‐regeneration, it is difficult for articular cartilage to repair injury occurs by itself [6–8]. Epidemiological studies show 37% of United States adults ≥60 years of age having radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis [9]. Cartilage defect is an important factor leading to osteoarthritis [10]. One strategy for dealing with articular cartilage damage is to develop hydrogels as permanent implants to replace damaged cartilage [11]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel has been used as a tissue engineering cartilage substitute material due to its high moisture content [7] and low frictional behavior [12,13]. In addition, PVA hydrogel shows good biocompatibility in tissue engineering [14,15]. However, there are still some main issues needing to be solved for PVA hydrogel to be exploited as a cartilage substitute material such as poor mechanical strength and poor tissue adhesion [16]. According to our results, pure PVA hydrogels have low tensile strength of 0.36 ± 0.03 MPa, much lower than human articular cartilage (around 17 MPa [17]). The cell nonadhesive characterization of PVA hydrogels have also been reported [18]. Cells are difficult to grow on the surfaces of PVA hydrogels.
Use of the normalcy index for the assessment of abnormal gait in the anterior cruciate ligament deficiency combined with meniscus injury
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Xiaode Liu, Hongshi Huang, Shuang Ren, Qiguo Rong, Yingfang Ao
Interpatient NI differences in ACLD patients, either with or without meniscus tears, have also been considered. The result of Jonkheere-Terpsta test showed that higher NI values corresponded to higher severity degrees of injury. For example, the mean score of ACLDM group was higher than that of ACLDL, which implied that there were more abnormal features for ACLDM patients compared with ACLDL patients. The function of lateral meniscus and medial meniscus on the knee joint mobility may provide an explanation of the inference. The lateral meniscus was reportedly more susceptible to the unusual compression and shear forces when performing pivot shift movement (Smith and Barrett 2001), while the medial meniscus is tightly restraint to anteroposterior tibial translation, becoming a wedge between the femur and tibia to stabilize the knee function (Levy et al. 1982). Lateral meniscus is more sensitive to the transverse and frontal movement, playing an important role in postural stability (Lee et al. 2018), while medial meniscus is more susceptible to the sagittal motion. On the other hand, the meniscus transmits 50% to 85% compressive loading through the posterior horns during flexion and extension (Fox et al. 2012). It is well distributed when the meniscus is normal. Total lateral meniscectomy of lateral meniscus results in a 40% to 50% reduction in femoral condyle contact area, while removal of medial meniscus results in a 50% to 70% decrease in contact area (Fox et al. 2012). More increasing in the load per unit area of medial meniscus may contribute to more articular cartilage damage and degeneration than that of lateral meniscus.
Sport-specific biomechanical responses to an ACL injury prevention programme: A randomised controlled trial
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Jeffrey B. Taylor, Kevin R. Ford, Randy J. Schmitz, Scott E. Ross, Terry A. Ackerman, Sandra J. Shultz
To date, ACL injury prevention programmes have not been equally successful in reducing injury in all women’s sports. A significantly higher reduction of ACL injuries has been reported in women’s soccer than women’s basketball (Michaelidis & Koumantakis, 2014; Prodromos, Han, Rogowski, Joyce, & Shi, 2007), although it is worth noting that relatively few ACL injury prevention programmes have been implemented in basketball populations (n = 3) compared to soccer (n = 9).(Michaelidis & Koumantakis, 2014; Taylor, Ford, Nguyen, Terry, & Hegedus, 2015) This is concerning, because basketball is one of the most popular women’s sport in the United States (National Federation of State High School Association, [cited 2017 July 13]) and collegiate women’s basketball (0.31 ACL injuries per 1000 athletic exposures) players suffer non-contact ACL injuries at a higher rate than soccer (0.27 ACL injuries per 1000 athletic exposures) players (Agel, Arendt, & Bershadsky, 2005). Further, concomitant injuries resulting from ACL injury, such as meniscal and articular cartilage damage, are significantly more prevalent in women’s basketball than other sports (Granan, Inacio, Maletis, Funahashi, & Engebretsen, 2013), which may lead to a 21–48% risk of developing knee osteoarthritis 10 years after ACL injury, compared to a 0–13% risk in those without additional damage (Oiestad, Engebretsen, Storheim, & Risberg, 2009). Considering the rate and severity of ACL injuries in women’s basketball and the long-term joint health problems associated with these injuries, further research is needed to understand the discrepancy in effectiveness of ACL injury reduction after participating in prevention programmes between sports.