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Anatomy, Biomechanics, Work Physiology, and Anthropometry
Published in Stephan Konz, Steven Johnson, Work Design, 2018
The toes (foot fingers) are divided into metatarsals and three phalanges (except for the big toe, which has only two phalanges). In supporting the body, the calcaneus (heel) supports 50% of the weight; the first and second metatarsals 25%; and the third, fourth, and fifth metatarsals 25%. In between are two arches: (1) the medial arch (the calcaneus; the talus; the navicular; the cuneiform bones; and the first, second, and third metatarsals), and (2) the lateral arch (the calcaneus, the talus, the cuboid, and the fourth and fifth metatarsals). The plantar fascia is a fibrous tissue that forms the arch underneath your foot from the heel to the toes. If it weakens, the fascia can cause pain to either the heel end or the toe end.
Effects of arch-support orthoses on ground reaction forces and lower extremity kinematics related to running at various inclinations
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Wing-Kai Lam, Lok-Yee Pak, Charis King-Wai Wong, Mohammad Farhan Tan, Sang-Kyoon Park, Jiseon Ryu, Aaron Kam-Lun Leung
Foot orthoses, which refer to shoe inserts that contour plantar foot surface, are extensively used in footwear in attempts to redistribute the plantar loading and minimize the localized plantar loading, and hence reducing injuries (Lucas-Cuevas et al., 2014; O’Leary et al., 2008) and improving comfort for better running performance (Luo et al., 2009). Medial longitudinal arch-support is considered as one of the vital structures which can increase the foot-insole contact area and pressure at medial longitudinal arch of a foot, enhancing somatosensory inputs over the plantar foot (Davidson, 2010) to provide foot support and shock absorption during ground contact (Zhang et al., 2017). Foot orthoses have been hypothesized to restore normal foot movement patterns by improving the design of the shoe–foot interface support for flexible flatfoot athletes. The normal foot movement patterns would develop more effective take-off kinetics for vertical jumping in terms of ground reaction forces and contact time (Arastoo et al., 2014), improve dynamic balance (Kim & Kim, 2016), and enhance comfort and performance of physical tasks (Hsieh et al., 2018). Although extensive research has been done on the use of foot orthoses, little attention has been made to the effectiveness of foot orthoses in runners running at different inclinations.
Foot strike pattern in preschool children during running: sex and shod–unshod differences
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Pedro Á. Latorre-Román, Juan A. Párraga-Montilla, Ignacio Guardia-Monteagudo, Felipe García-Pinillos
Wearing shoes predisposes to flat foot in children because shoes inhibit the development of the arch of the foot due to lack of intrinsic muscle activity that is required for the development of the arch, leading to weakness of the intrinsic muscles (Ganesh & Magnani, 2016). The sensory stimulation associated with the barefoot activity may produce a protective increase in muscle activity that is capable of elevating the arch (Thomas & Michaud, 2012). Therefore, as clinical implications, the authors would emphasise that the extent of the FSPs differences between shod and unshod running requires further investigation into the effects of FSP and footwear on long-term growth and development of the feet of the preschool children.