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Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Sweat glands are distributed throughout the body—except there are no sweat glands on the glans penis, clitoris, or labia minora (Hodge & Brodell, 2013). The eccrine sweat glands in the perineal region and groin function as elsewhere in the body. Apocrine sweat glands (also known as odoriferous sweat glands) like those found in the axilla (refer to Sections 4.13.2 and 4.13.3) are found in the perineal skin around the anus, in the labia majora in women and in the skin of the scrotum and prepuce—the fold of skin covering the glans penis (Hodge & Brodell, 2018). They are known for producing malodorous perspiration. A third gland type, the anorectal “sweat” gland reported by van der Putte (1991) and further characterized by Konstantinova et al. (2017) as a “mammary-like gland” has no defined function at this time. It is difficult to find sweat volume information for the axillary or perineal regions. Quantifying sweat in these regions, especially with sensors, is difficult due to hair and the concave/mobile anatomical configurations.
Sources and Characterization Approaches of Odour and Odour-Causing Bodily Compounds in Worn Clothing
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
Mourad Krifa, Mathilda Savocchia
The apocrine glands are present in the hairy regions of the body (axillae and groin), are dormant at birth, and become active at puberty (Chen and Jain 2010). Similar to sebaceous glands, apocrine glands secrete into the hair follicle; thus, apocrine sweat may be mixed with sebum (Wilke et al. 2009). Apocrine secretions consist of an oily and odourless (in a pure state) substance that contains proteins, lipids, steroids, and some amount of sebum (Chen et al. 2020; Munk et al. 2000). However, they become odorous due to bacterial activity (Chen et al. 2010; Munk et al. 2000).
Optimized protocol for the biocompatibility testing of compression stockings and similar products with close skin contact in vitro
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Cornelia Wiegand, Tanja Hansen, Johanna Köhnlein, Ines Exner, Marlen Damisch-Pohl, Peter Schott, Ulrike Krühner-Wiesenberger, Uta-Christina Hipler, Ernst Pohlen
DIN EN 10993-12 indicates that for testing cytotoxicity the extraction at 37 °C for 24 h in cell culture medium is potentially acceptable. The advantage of using cell culture medium is the prevention of dilution effects during preparation of the test items. Sweat is produced in the body as a secretion from eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. The main components of eccrine sweat are water and salts with only little proteins. Its main task is regulation of body temperature, moistening of the skin, and building of the acid- and water-lipid-barrier of the skin. So the pH of the eccrine sweat is about 4.5, which is rather acidic. Persons with excessive sweating may have a shift of the pH of the eccrine sweat up to pH 6.0 which is more alkaline and less acidic than normal sweating persons. Whereas eccrine sweat glands are distributed all over the body, there are only specific areas with apocrine sweat glands as armpits, nipples, genital and anal area. Due to a mixing of eccrine and apocrine sweat there is a shift of the pH of armpits to an alkaline value of 8.0 on average (Nagel, 2012). For the application of compression stockings it can be expected that the material is in contact with sweat in a pH range of about 4.5 to 6.0. The usage of sweat solution as applied for testing color fastness of textiles (DIN ISO 105-E04, 2008) would be more realistic for testing cytotoxicity of textiles.