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Engineered Composites for 3D Mammary Tissue Systems
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Cheryl T. Gomillion, Chih-Chao Yang, Didier Dréau, Karen J. L. Burg
Structurally, the breast is divided into 15–20 lobes. The extremities of each of these lobes include lobules with multiple acini in which epithelial cells that produce milk following hormonal cues during lactation lie. Acini are interconnected by thin ducts, whose primary function is to transport the secreted milk from the lobules to the nipple of the breast. The spaces between the functional structures of the breast (lobules and ducts) are filled with stromal tissue providing the structural framework and support (Ackers 2002; Gray and Lewis 1918; Hirshaut et al. 2009; Jorstad and Payne 1964; Parmar and Cunha 2004; Snell 2004). The breasts receive nutrients and signals, including hormones, and dispose of waste through a complex associated vascular network and lymphatic system (Osborne and Boolbol 2014). The blood supply to the breast includes the internal mammary artery and the mammary branch of the thoracic artery that account for ∼60% and 30%, respectively, of the blood flow to the breast (Geddes 2007). The primary vein that facilitates blood flow from the breast is the internal mammary vein (Geddes 2007). In addition, the lymphatic vessels carry in lymph fluid cell and cellular waste away from the breast. The network of lymphatic vessels in the breast converge to the axillary nodes, with the lymph fluid draining from the breast to the axillary nodes first and second to the internal mammary nodes located within the chest, and the supraclavicular or infraclavicular nodes located around the collar bone. This connection of the breasts to the lymphatic system is critical in the spreading of breast cancer cells to secondary sites in the body in the case of metastatic tumors (Rahman and Mohammed 2015; Shayan et al. 2006).
Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The axilla or arm pit is the hollow between the arm and the body. The axilla, with the arm at rest at the side of the body, is a pyramidal space. When the arm is raised overhead, the fascia and skin of the axilla flatten, and the axillary space disappears. This kind of mobility can be difficult to accommodate in garments with set-in sleeves for athletes or orchestra conductors who require full overhead arm motions. A gusset (a diamond shape, cut on the bias) set into the armscye/underarm seam is one way to increase freedom of motion for the axillary region.
Sensing of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Sentinel Lymph Nodes Biopsy
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Bioimaging, 2020
Masaki Sekino, Moriaki Kusakabe
To prevent systemic metastasis, breast cancer surgery traditionally involved complete dissection of axillary lymph nodes. This significantly damaged lymph flow in the upper arm, causing swelling of the entire upper arm and substantially reducing patients’ QoL.
Functional and morphological changes in shoulder girdle muscles after repeated climbing exercise
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Sebastian Klich, Pascal Madeleine, Krzysztof Ficek, Klaudia Sommer, Cesar Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, Lori A Michener, Adam Kawczyński
A handheld dynamometer (HHD) (Hoggan Scientific, Lafayette, IN) was used to measure strength peak force during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (Harrington et al., 2011). Shoulder strength testing was performed in a seated position with their feet flat on the floor, with knees and hips at approximately 90°. For flexion and abduction, the arm was placed in 90° of elevation, while for external rotation, the arm was positioned by the side with a towel roll under the axilla, and the elbow flexed to 90°. The HHD was stabilized with an external device and aligned with the posterior forearm just proximal to the ulnar styloid process for flexion and abduction strength. For internal rotation strength, the HHD was placed on the anterior forearm just proximal to the wrist (Michener et al., 2021). The order of strength testing was randomized to minimize the potential effect of fatigue. During the measurements, participants were informed to “push as hard as you can” for 5 seconds. Thirty seconds and 1-min rest were given between each trial and testing position, respectively (Harrington et al., 2011). Each measurement was taken twice, and the maximum values were averaged prior to statistical analysis. The relative reliability was good to excellent for all analysed strength (ICC2, 1 from 0.82 to 0.90). The absolute reliability showed SEMs were 5.5 N to 13.0 N, while MDC90% were 15.0 N to 34.0 N.
The effect of correct cross-chest clip use on injury outcomes in young children during motor vehicle crashes
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Evangeline Woodford, Julie Brown, Lynne E. Bilston
Injury is a leading cause of death among children worldwide, with road traffic injuries being the largest cause of injury among persons under 20 years old (World Health Organization 2008). Many previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of child restraint use in reducing risk of injury and fatality among young children during a crash (Du et al. 2008; Durbin et al. 2005; Johnston et al. 1994; Kahane 1986). However, particular aspects of child restraint design have limited real-world evidence to support expert recommendation. One such example is the harness cross-chest clip, which spans the chest between the shoulder straps at the level of the axilla, with the potential for clip-induced neck injuries during a crash continuing to be a concern in some jurisdictions. Cross-chest clips came into use in the United States in the 1980s, and though not required under regulation, they are a very popular feature in North American restraints. Prior to the widespread requirement of harness crotch straps to prevent children from sliding underneath their harness, at least one case of strangulation due to a cross-chest clip was reported (Brown et al. 2002). Though this has resulted in restrictions on chest clip use in the Australian and New Zealand standards for child restraints (Australian/New Zealand Standard 1754 [AS/NZS 1754] 2013), no large-scale studies of this potential injury mechanism in harnesses with crotch straps have been undertaken.
Manual patient transfers: factors that influence decisions and kinematic strategies employed by nursing aides
Published in Ergonomics, 2019
Benoit Lafleur, Tyler B. Weaver, Alyssa Tondat, Veronique Boscart, Andrew C. Laing
This study also provides interesting insights into whether the kinematic strategies adopted during manual patient transfers can be predicted by worker age or estimates of massmax. Interestingly, age was negatively associated with trunkFlex and left shoulderAbd which suggests that with increasing age, workers may try to ‘protect’ their back and shoulders by minimising trunk flexion and upper arm abduction (the latter could be achieved by grasping the patient at a lower point such as the waist vs. the axilla). These associations were accompanied by trends of decreased shoulder flexion with increasing age (right shoulder flexion, r = −0.35, p = .109; left shoulder, r = −0.34, p = .115). The positive association between age and right trunkTwist may be linked to closer adherence to the pivot transfer technique, which could suggest workers of increased age or experience increasingly adopt this transfer strategy. These findings could indicate that older, more experienced workers exhibit more cautious behaviours when performing manual transfers, and correspond to recent studies indicating age-related differences in lifting strategies (Boocock, Mawston, and Taylor 2015; Shojaei et al. 2016; Song and Qu 2014). However, no significant correlations were observed between massmax and worker kinematics, suggesting that the mass of a patient does not play a large role in determining how a worker will complete a transfer. Instead, factors including a worker’s age, experience, training, or personal preference may be more important in predicting the technique they employ for a given manual transfer.