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Organoid Technology for Basic Science and Biomedical Research
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Szu-Hsien (Sam) Wu, Jihoon Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo
The mammary gland is of nonneural ectodermal origin and is where milk is produced to feed offspring. Qu et al. (2017) sought to generate mammary gland organoids via the EB approach, where hiPSC-EBs were guided towards a nonneural fate with medium commonly used for the culture of mammary cancer cell lines. 10-day-old EBs were transferred to a floating Matrigel-collagen I mixed-gel culture to which had been added pTHrP, a hormone that is important for normal mammary development. Additional treatment with hydrocortisone, insulin, FGF10, and HGF for 20 days increased the yield of mammary cells and resulted in the formation of alveolar mammary-like structures. The resulting mammary organoids could produce milk when cultured in lactogenic medium containing prolactin, hydrocortisone and insulin (Hatsumi et al. 2006). The semi-solid, floating, mixed-gel cultures of mammary gland organoids would therefore be a physiologically relevant model for the study of mammary development.
Breast imaging
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The breast (mammary gland) is one of the accessory organs of the female reproductive system (Fig. 12.2b). The adult breasts comprise two rounded eminences situated on the anterior and lateral walls of the chest, lying superficially to the pectoral muscles and separated from them by areolar tissue and fascia. They extend from the second to the sixth ribs and from the lateral border of the sternum to the mid-axillary line. The supero-lateral part is prolonged upwards and laterally towards the axilla to form the axillary tail. The nipple is a conical projection just below the centre of the breast, corresponding approximately to the fourth/fifth intercostal space.
Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Breast tissue (Figure 4.31) adds to body shape and individuality. Both males and females are born with mammary gland tissue. The hormonal changes of puberty stimulate female breast development, preparing the mammary glands for milk production. Depending on genetics, hormones, and the monthly menstrual cycle, women’s breasts vary in size. The following sections focus on women’s breast structure, function, and products including brassieres (bras), a common upper torso wearable for women.
Ameliorative effect of nanocurcumin on Staphylococcus aureus-induced mouse mastitis by oxidative stress suppression
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Subramaniyam Suresh, Palanisamy Sankar, Ramya Kalaivanan, Avinash Gopal Telang
To evaluate the histological changes after intramammary inoculation of S. aureus in mice, mammary gland sections were then subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tissue sections of mammary gland from healthy animals revealed normal lactating alveoli with intact ductal and alveolar epithelium. No inflammatory reactions were seen (Level 0: Figure 1A). Intramammary inoculation with S. aureus in different treatment groups resulted in varying degrees of inflammation observed as congestion, edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells in interstitum (Level 1; Figure 1B) and cellular exudates in the alveolar lumen (Figure 1C). At 24 h of infection, infected animals with vehicle and no treatment revealed congestion, severe edema, inflammatory cell infiltration in the interstitum covering about half of the gland, alveolar lumen filled with cellular infiltrate (Level 2; Figure 1D). By 48 h of infection, inflammatory reaction was more pronounced and extended almost whole gland (Level 3; Figure 1E). Reduced congestion, along with complete disruption of architecture due to diffuse inflammation and thickening of alveolar wall was evident by the end of 72 h (Level 2; Figure 1F).
Expression of a recombinant anti-programed cell death 1 antibody in the mammary gland of transgenic mice
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Guihua Gong, Wei Zhang, Liping Xie, Lei Xu, Shu Han, Youjia Hu
During the past two decades, numerous efforts have been made to produce recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies in the milk of transgenic animals. The mammary gland expression system is considered to be an ideal bioreactor since milk, as an abundant source of raw materials, is safe, readily available and easily accepted by the public.[19] It was reported that four caseins (αs1, αs2, β and κ)[20] and two serum proteins (β- lactoglobulin and α-lactoalbumin)[21] were mainly secreted by ruminants. The genes encoding these proteins are specifically expressed at high levels in the mammary gland during the pregnancy and lactation.[22] Thus, promoters and regulatory regions of such genes were used to direct the exogenous gene expression in the mammary gland of transgenic animals.[23]
Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of reproductive effects: an analysis of ATSDR’s toxicological profile database
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Melanie C Buser, Henry G Abadin, John L Irwin, Hana R Pohl
Information regarding effects on the development of mammary glands following chemical exposures was limited in our database (Figure 9). A 2009 workshop – The Mammary Gland Evaluation and Risk Assessment Workshop – was convened to discuss the current state of evaluating mammary gland development, including effects of gestational or early life exposure on development and how these developmental perturbations may affect later in life lactation or cancer outcomes. The report from the workgroup concluded that ‘early life environmental exposures can alter mammary gland development, disrupt lactation, and increase susceptibility to breast cancer’ (Rudel 2011). However, inconsistent reporting methods make comparison across studies difficult, and relationships between altered development and effects on lactation or carcinogenesis are still being investigated. A recent article by Osborne et al. (2015) provides an excellent review of the topic related to human experience. The authors note that mammary gland development is a complex process that encompasses several life stages, the most important being fetal/neonatal period, puberty, and pregnancy in females. Conversely, in males, mammary gland development stops before birth due to the action of androgens. During these windows, the mammary gland is sensitive to altered development and adverse effects including cancer and other diseases (e.g. problems with lactation in females or gynecomastia in males).