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Emerging Antiviral Technology
Published in Peerawatt Nunthavarawong, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin, Mathew Thoppil-Mathew, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Materials, 2022
Vinaya Tari, Karthik Kannan, Vinita Vishwakarma
Microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi are causing infectious diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Infectious diseases have been recognized since 1000 BC that they are the primary cause of death in the world [1], Nearly about 40% of the 14 million deaths are occurring per year [2-3]. Therefore, this is a global public health concern. Viruses are more notorious as they will be more spread, and they have the ability to evolve through genetic mutation [4-5]. Viruses are microscopic intracellular parasites with DNA or RNA as genetic material enclosed in a protein coat called capsid [1, 5]. Sometimes lipid bilayer membranes also present external to protein coat, known as ‘Envelope’ [5]. Several viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and Novel coronavirus, i.e.. Novel COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), have recently emerged and caused major disease outbreaks along with a threat to health and global economy [6]. To date, antiviral drugs do not exist for all types of viruses.
Nanoparticle Synthesis and Administration Routes for Antiviral Uses
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
João Augusto Oshiro-Júnior, Kammila Martins Nicolau Costa, Isadora Frigieri, Bruna Galdorfini Chiari-Andréo
Antivirals were developed basically to inhibit the virus genome replication within infected cells, thus preventing the production of new virus particles. The use of nanomaterials has proven to be useful for ameliorating the pharmacological properties of inhibitors of viral genome replication, including improvement in the circulation time of these substances impacting the effectiveness time. Therefore, the use of nanomaterials is advantageous in helping to treat existing viral infections and to prevent these infections, being finally a subject to be explored (Gelman and Glenn 2011; Jackman et al. 2016, 2020).
Antimicrobial Activity of Nanosized Photocatalytic Materials
Published in Devrim Balköse, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, A. K. Haghi, Suresh C. Ameta, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Chemical Science and Engineering Technology, 2019
Rakshit Ameta, Monika Trivedi, Jayesh Bhatt, Dipti Soni, Surbhi Benjamin, Suresh C. Ameta
Antivirals are used for treating infections caused by different viruses. They can be differentiated from viricides, which only deactivate viruses outside the body. These antivirals are relatively harmless to the host and therefore find applications in medical field.
Preparation and characterization of nanofibrous mats to enhance the anti-viral properties of nonwoven fabrics in medical sectors
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Dina M. Hamoda, Doaa H. Elgohary, Marwa Abou Taleb
Viruses are not living organisms themselves, but small structures containing only a nucleic acid genome within a mostly protein based protecting membrane. Unlike living organisms, viruses must penetrate a living host cells to reproduce and replicate (Jarach et al., 2020). Although there are variations among different species of viruses, the replication of the virus goes through essential steps: (1) Attachment: the protein of the virus interacts with receptors on the host cell. (2) Penetration: where the viral and cellular membranes fuse. (3) Un-coating: when the virus releases its genes into the cell. (4) Replication: the cell synthesizes viral components, viz., mRNA, proteins, and DNA/RNA, depending on the type of virus. (5) Assembly: where sufficient viral nucleic acids and proteins gather to produce virus particles. (6) Release: budding on of the cell surface discharges virus particles from the host. Each stage in viral replication is a potential target for an antiviral agent. Viruses profoundly affect life on this planet, though they themselves are not alive they exist just beyond the boundary between living and nonliving (Bianculli et al., 2020).
Prevention of seasonal influenza outbreak via healthcare insurance
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2022
Ting-Yu Ho, Zelda B. Zabinsky, Paul A. Fishman, Shan Liu
Once having symptoms of the flu, the CDC recommends that individuals at high risk, e.g., young children, the elderly, or those with chronic respiratory diseases, visit healthcare providers. Medical treatments such as antiviral drugs can be used to treat the flu and further prevent serious flu-related complications (Atkins et al., 2011; CDC, 2021; Spagnuolo et al., 2016). However, many studies have shown that patient’s out-of-pocket expenses, known as “cost-sharing charge” in health insurance terminology, reduce the healthcare resource utilization in preventive care, drug treatment, and adherence (Eaddy et al., 2012; Goldman et al., 2007; Huskamp et al., 2003; Mann et al., 2014). Specifically, high cost-sharing discourages infected insureds from seeking treatment, resulting in potential hospital stays or even flu-related deaths. On the other hand, insureds with flu-like symptoms are more likely to visit healthcare providers if the cost-sharing charge is low, potentially leading to excessive medical costs for the insurer. To improve vaccination coverage while lowering the medical cost and the loss of productivity, it is thus necessary to consider the impact of vaccination reward and cost-sharing on individuals’ vaccination and treatment-seeking behaviors, as well as the population health outcome.
Antibacterial agents applied as antivirals in textile-based PPE: a narrative review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Zulfiqar Ali Raza, Muhammad Taqi, Muhammad Rizwan Tariq
A viral infection usually results due to complex interactions at the interface of the virus and the host matrix. Initially, an invader virus reaches there, attaches to the receptor of the host cell, then transfers its viral genome into the cell cytoplasm, which then penetrates the host cell nucleus, where the viral mRNA directs protein synthesis in a systematic pattern. Then, the replication of the viral genome and the synthesis of structural proteins (capsid) occurs to assemble the novel virions which are then released from the infected host human cell; thus a chain of infection starts in the human body (Thi Ngoc Dung et al., 2020). In the clinical trials, both directly and indirectly-acting antiviral agents have been employed; the former inhibits the viral cycle at any of the above-mentioned phases to target the viral proteins and the latter targets the host cell factors which usually support the viral attachment to host. The host targeting antivirals (like silver, copper, polyphenols, etc.) employed in drug formulations express broad-spectrum antiviral activity (Iyigundogdu et al., 2017).