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Fabrications of Graphene Based Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Sensing of Drug Molecules
Published in Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, Advances in Nanostructured Composites, 2019
Tien Song Hiep Pham, Peter J. Mahon, Aimin Yu
In addition, graphene–PANI nanocomposites have recently been utilized in electrochemical sensing platforms for the effective detection of antibiotics. For example, researchers created a novel biosensor for successfully sensing the antimalarial drug, artesunate (Radhapyari et al. 2013). The robust hybrid graphene–PANI nanocomposite acted as an ideal supporting matrix with remarkable electrochemical properties and stability for the attachment of horseradish peroxidase. The as-synthesized composite effectively captured the drug molecules as well as stimulated the electron transfer resulting in enhanced current responses. The sensitivity of the detection method was found as 0.15 μA ng/mL in the range from 0.05 to 0.40 ng/mL. Also, the authors mentioned that the biosensor was tested with different practical conditions with satisfactory recovery and selectivity. Likewise, graphene–PANI/SPCE was made for the detection of sulphonamide residues (Thammasoontaree et al. 2014).
Phenolic Compounds potential health Benefits and toxicity
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Deep Jyoti Bhuyan, Amrita Basu
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by four species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae and transmitted by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. About 90 per cent of cases and deaths related to malaria occur in sub-Saharan Africa (Kaur et al. 2009). The first antimalarial drug, an alkaloid named quinine, was derived from the bark of Cinchona succiruba. Quinine is still used for treating malaria but few cases of resistance have been reported. Flavonoids, such as EGCG, (–)-cis-3-Acetoxy-4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-rhamnoside, calycosin, acacetingenistein, abruquinone B and sikokianin B and C have been reviewed for their potent anti-plasmodial activities against malaria (Kaur et al. 2009). Laphookhieo et al. (2009) found that vismione B isolated from Cratoxylum maingayi and Cratoxylum cochinchinense had the highest activity against P. falciparum (IC50 = 0.66 μg/mL) among the isolated phenolic compounds. They also concluded that the chromene ring present in vismione B is particularly responsible for anti-malarial activity.
Biosynthesis of Natural Products
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
Athar Ata, Samina Naz, Kenneth Friesen
Sesquiterpenes are known to have various biological activities. For instance, artemisinin (94) exhibits antimalarial activity and its ether analogue is used in clinics [48]. These compounds are produced in nature from FPP (65) which is cyclized by an enzyme, cyclase to afford amorphan-4, 11-diene (90) which on hydroxylation reaction yields its hydroxy analogues (91). Further oxidation of primary alcohol gives aldehyde analogue (92). The oxidation of aldehyde affords carboxylic acid analogue (93) which on photooxidation produces a of artemisinin (94) [49]. This whole sequence of biosynthesis is shown in Figure 16.18.
Click synthesis of new 7-chloroquinoline derivatives by using ultrasound irradiation and evaluation of their biological activity
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
Asmaa Aboelnaga, Taghreed H. EL-Sayed
Quinolines and their derivatives are present in numerous natural products and have highly antimalaria, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antihypersensitive activities (1). Few methods have been reported for the preparation of quinolines derivatives such as the Skraup, Doebner von Miller and Combes procedures (2, 3). Malaria is a contagious disease, caused by protozoa parasites from the genus Plasmodium that is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most lethal form of malaria (4). Chloroquine was the most effective antimalarial clinically used drug but parasite resistance led to its substitution by artemisinin and its semi-synthetic derivatives (artemether, artesunate) (5, 6). So, new drugs to treat malaria are critically required. Synthesis of molecular hybrids containing different moieties which are representatives of known or putative antimalarial compounds is presently being extensively explored. Recently, the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles by a process known as Cu-mediated click chemistry (7) has been explored to combine different molecules affording new analogs of chloroquine (8), chalcones (9), naphthoquinones (10) several other hybrid antimalarial molecules have been synthesized (11–13).