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Industrial Revolution 1.0 and 2.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Adrian Chun Minh Loy, Bridgid Lai Fui Chin, Revathy Sankaran
Although Germany took the lead in chemistry during the Second IR, however, a British man, William Perkin, had the first major discovery in modern chemistry by discovering a chemical process to produce a synthetic organic purple dye, and mauveine made from aniline at the age of 18 in 1856 (Mauveine The Discovery and Inventor 2006). At that time, he was currently pursuing his studies in London’s Royal College of Chemistry. It was an accidental invention when his main intention was to produce an artificial quinine from Victorian gas lighting. He had previously failed to produce quinine for malaria treatment (Jacpo 2017). A red aniline was discovered three years later by Emanuel Verguin. Furthermore, there are a few German chemists who had successfully found other artificial dyes. Hofmann and Kekulé had formulated a dyestuff’s molecules structure. A group of German chemists had successfully synthesized alizarin, a red dye from madder roots by defeating Perkin by producing a patent a day earlier. This resulted in a beginning process for Germany to unveil their hegemony in chemical discovery (Haber 1958). They also successfully produced indigotin, also known as synthetic indigo, sulfuric, and soda making in year 1897, 1875, and 1860s, respectively. Besides that, Alfred Nobel discovered dynamite which was used for tunnels, roads, oil wells, and quarries construction.
Phenolic Compounds potential health Benefits and toxicity
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Deep Jyoti Bhuyan, Amrita Basu
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by four species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae and transmitted by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. About 90 per cent of cases and deaths related to malaria occur in sub-Saharan Africa (Kaur et al. 2009). The first antimalarial drug, an alkaloid named quinine, was derived from the bark of Cinchona succiruba. Quinine is still used for treating malaria but few cases of resistance have been reported. Flavonoids, such as EGCG, (–)-cis-3-Acetoxy-4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-rhamnoside, calycosin, acacetingenistein, abruquinone B and sikokianin B and C have been reviewed for their potent anti-plasmodial activities against malaria (Kaur et al. 2009). Laphookhieo et al. (2009) found that vismione B isolated from Cratoxylum maingayi and Cratoxylum cochinchinense had the highest activity against P. falciparum (IC50 = 0.66 μg/mL) among the isolated phenolic compounds. They also concluded that the chromene ring present in vismione B is particularly responsible for anti-malarial activity.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)
Published in John Girkin, A Practical Guide to Optical Microscopy, 2019
One of the first examples reported in academic literature of fluorescence was by Sir William Herschel (1845), normally thought of as an astronomer. He described the blue fluorescence seen in a solution of quinine when it was exposed to the ultraviolet component of sunlight. This is an easy experiment to repeat as quinine is one of the ingredients in tonic water. On the surface of a glass of tonic water exposed to the ultraviolet light of the sun a blue glow can sometimes be seen. The glow is in fact increased by altering the polarity of the solvent, for example with the addition of ethanol (gin working well in this experiment!).
Offering themselves by chance: Newcomen’s starting materials
Published in Annals of Science, 2022
Newcomen likely had recently started up as ironmonger in Dartmouth.116 Cary, as an apothecary, would have purveyed not just remedies, distillates, preserves and confectionary but also dealt in raw ingredients and produce landed at Dartmouth, then a major port, and supplied medicines and groceries to ships embarking on the Atlantic trade routes.117 So of interest to Cary would have been an improved apparatus for producing tinctures such as quinine, the remedy for agues (malaria) which Papin, recently returned from Venice, demonstrated to the Royal Society on 25 March 1685: ‘Dr. Papin reported, that he had put Jesuits bark and spirit of wine in the digesting engine, and given fire enough to soften bones, and the tincture was high.’118
An in vitro study on the differentiated metabolic mechanism of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum using high-resolution metabolomics
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Jinhyuk Na, Jian Zhang, Young Lan Choe, Chae Seung Lim, Youngja Hwang Park
Chloroquine (CQ) is synthesized from quinine which is derived from trees of the Cinchona genus for targeting the parasites present in red blood cells (RBCs) (Skrzypek and Callaghan 2017); Initially, CQ was the first-line therapy for malaria 60 years ago; however, due to higher resistance, the current treatment guidelines for P. falciparum recommend artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for CQ-resistant malarial infection (WHO 2015). Recently investigators reported the emergence of parasite resistance to ACTs (Khan et al. 2020; Lucchi et al. 2020; Ouji et al. 2018).